{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224937953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3290/j.ohpd.c_2830","title":"Analysis of Factors Associated with Early Childhood Caries in Jinan City: A Cross-Sectional Study.","display_name":"Analysis of Factors Associated with Early Childhood Caries in Jinan City: A Cross-Sectional Study.","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224937953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3290/j.ohpd.c_2830","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42960847","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13721278"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13721278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3290/j.ohpd.c_2830","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13721278/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13721278/pdf/ohpd-24-1055.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Oral Health Prev Dent","raw_type":"Text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13721278/pdf/ohpd-24-1055.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160184264","display_name":"Yuke Shang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuke Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160163692","display_name":"Chengmei Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengmei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160167313","display_name":"Jia Chang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160202064","display_name":"Yang Yu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139487563","display_name":"Dandan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1920-5430","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1920-5430"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dandan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100350692","display_name":"Lixia Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4287-5799","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4287-5799","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7662-7673"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lixia Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87251946,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":null,"first_page":"1055","last_page":"1063"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10368","display_name":"Dental Health and Care Utilization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3506","display_name":"Periodontics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10368","display_name":"Dental Health and Care Utilization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3506","display_name":"Periodontics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10257","display_name":"Oral microbiology and periodontitis research","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3506","display_name":"Periodontics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13770","display_name":"Pediatric health and respiratory diseases","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3604","display_name":"Emergency Medical Services"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-childhood-caries","display_name":"early childhood caries","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dental-caries-risk-factors","display_name":"caries risk factors","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dental-plaque","display_name":"dental plaque","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feeding-practices","display_name":"feeding practices","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oral-hygiene-habits","display_name":"oral hygiene habits","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preschool-children","display_name":"preschool children","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dental-caries-prevalence","display_name":"caries prevalence","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dental-caries-severity","display_name":"caries severity","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jinan","display_name":"Jinan","score":0.7369999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.863099992275238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780739003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2005391","display_name":"Early childhood caries","level":3,"score":0.8615999817848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C515851188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13445028","display_name":"Oral hygiene","level":2,"score":0.713100016117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992672162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Oral health","level":2,"score":0.5952000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.5584999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547646559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162297","display_name":"Hygiene","level":2,"score":0.4643000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779297142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276412","display_name":"Educational attainment","level":2,"score":0.4603999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.39820000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992547766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7099387","display_name":"Oral examination","level":3,"score":0.38269999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777082460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3377398","display_name":"Early childhood","level":2,"score":0.38260000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.3752000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.3481999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017928565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076052","display_name":"Pre school","level":2,"score":0.334199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779425982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2323264","display_name":"Generation R","level":3,"score":0.33149999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44670240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1299714","display_name":"Habit","level":2,"score":0.3075000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65409693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425265","display_name":"Statistical significance","level":2,"score":0.29750001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779914569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143504","display_name":"Dental plaque","level":2,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185618831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1851928","display_name":"Health promotion","level":3,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38180746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.2694999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113807197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60894","display_name":"Health education","level":3,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993857929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1773974","display_name":"Primary prevention","level":3,"score":0.2547000050544739}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002681","descriptor_name":"China","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003731","descriptor_name":"Dental Caries","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003731","descriptor_name":"Dental Caries","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004245","descriptor_name":"DMF Index","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004522","descriptor_name":"Educational Status","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005247","descriptor_name":"Feeding Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13721278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3290/j.ohpd.c_2830","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13721278/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13721278/pdf/ohpd-24-1055.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Oral Health Prev Dent","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42960847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3290/j.ohpd.c_2830","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42960847","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Oral health & preventive dentistry","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13721278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3290/j.ohpd.c_2830","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13721278/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13721278/pdf/ohpd-24-1055.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Oral Health Prev Dent","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224937953.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224937953.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1551066651","https://openalex.org/W2416472033","https://openalex.org/W4292012288","https://openalex.org/W4414163717"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4415831765","https://openalex.org/W2433260546","https://openalex.org/W2085807480","https://openalex.org/W3024671808","https://openalex.org/W1815187660","https://openalex.org/W2977810274","https://openalex.org/W4400484972","https://openalex.org/W4291940906","https://openalex.org/W4320287885","https://openalex.org/W3037033234"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE:":[0],"Early":[1],"childhood":[2],"caries":[3,38,93,112,129,226,241],"(ECC)":[4],"remains":[5],"a":[6,153,236],"global":[7],"public":[8],"health":[9,66,202],"challenge":[10],"characterized":[11],"by":[12,73],"high":[13],"prevalence":[14,119],"and":[15,37,64,81,106,111,142,171,191,204],"low":[16],"treatment":[17],"rates.":[18],"This":[19],"study":[20],"investigated":[21],"factors":[22,102,198],"associated":[23,103,127],"with":[24,104,128,152,225],"ECC":[25,105,110,121],"among":[26],"3-":[27],"to":[28,42,100],"5-year-old":[29],"children":[30,53,162],"in":[31,56,243],"Jinan":[32,57],"through":[33],"oral":[34,65,193,208,220],"examinations,":[35],"questionnaires,":[36],"activity":[39,94,218],"testing,":[40],"aiming":[41],"support":[43],"early":[44],"prevention.":[45],"MATERIALS":[46],"AND":[47],"METHODS:":[48],"A":[49],"total":[50],"of":[51,78,120,139,145,160,180,206,219,239],"733":[52,116],"aged":[54],"3-5":[55],"were":[58,68,98],"enrolled.":[59],"Sociodemographic":[60],"information,":[61],"feeding":[62,148,185],"patterns,":[63],"behaviors":[67],"collected":[69,90],"via":[70],"questionnaires":[71],"completed":[72],"legal":[74],"guardians.":[75],"The":[76,158],"number":[77],"decayed,":[79],"missing,":[80],"filled":[82],"surfaces":[83],"(dmfs)":[84],"was":[85,89,122],"recorded.":[86],"Oral":[87,201],"plaque":[88,221],"for":[91,199],"Cariostat":[92,230],"testing.":[95],"Statistical":[96],"analyses":[97],"conducted":[99],"identify":[101],"the":[107,118,143,168,181,215],"relationship":[108],"between":[109],"activity.":[113],"RESULTS:":[114],"Among":[115],"participants,":[117],"76.8%.":[123],"Factors":[124],"statistically":[125],"significantly":[126,224],"severity":[130,242],"included":[131],"age,":[132],"gender,":[133],"primary":[134,182],"caregiver's":[135],"educational":[136,178],"attainment,":[137],"frequency":[138],"sweet-snack":[140],"consumption,":[141],"habit":[144],"nighttime":[146],"milk":[147],"or":[149],"falling":[150],"asleep":[151],"nipple":[154],"(all":[155],"p":[156],"0.05).":[157],"proportion":[159],"high-risk":[161],"(by":[163],"Cariostat)":[164],"progressively":[165],"increased":[166,223],"across":[167],"caries-free,":[169],"low-caries,":[170],"high-caries":[172],"groups":[173],"(p":[174],"0.001).":[175],"CONCLUSION:":[176],"Low":[177],"attainment":[179],"caregiver,":[183],"inappropriate":[184],"practices,":[186],"frequent":[187],"sugary":[188],"food":[189],"intake,":[190],"poor":[192],"hygiene":[194,209],"habits":[195,210],"are":[196,211],"risk":[197],"ECC.":[200],"education":[203],"promotion":[205],"proper":[207],"therefore":[212],"needed.":[213],"Furthermore,":[214],"acid\u2011producing":[216],"metabolic":[217],"microorganisms":[222],"progression,":[227],"suggesting":[228],"that":[229],"test":[231],"values":[232],"may":[233],"serve":[234],"as":[235],"potential":[237],"indicator":[238],"cumulative":[240],"preschool":[244],"children.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-10-31T00:00:00"}