{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224926209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-026-05449-6","title":"Three-year results of cylindrical annular refractive elements (CARE) spectacle lenses in slowing myopia progression","display_name":"Three-year results of cylindrical annular refractive elements (CARE) spectacle lenses in slowing myopia progression","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224926209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-026-05449-6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12886-026-05449-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-026-05449-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-026-05449-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49440999","display_name":"BMC Ophthalmology","issn_l":"1471-2415","issn":["1471-2415"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-026-05449-6","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016721312","display_name":"Xiaoqin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9353-0259","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9353-0259"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145773","display_name":"Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04j2cfe69","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145773"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoqin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin Eye Hospital Optometric Center, Tianjin, P.R. China","Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Eye Hospital Optometric Center, Tianjin, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145773"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145773"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022557126","display_name":"Min Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1372-4764","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1372-4764"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294606314","display_name":"Beijing Tongren Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/013e4n276","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183519381","display_name":"Capital Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xs5b60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Tongren Vision Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Tongren Vision Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314","https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160185738","display_name":"Cui Yu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154929","display_name":"He Eye Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04fnhr972","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154929"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cui Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["He Eye Specialist Hospital, Shenyang, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"He Eye Specialist Hospital, Shenyang, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154929"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015521875","display_name":"Arne Ohlendorf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6373-1420","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6373-1420"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8087733","display_name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03a1kwz48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arne Ohlendorf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany","ZEISS Vision Care, Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ZEISS Vision Care, Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143637984","display_name":"Zander Hattingh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zander Hattingh","raw_affiliation_strings":["ZEISS Vision Care, Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ZEISS Vision Care, Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160160625","display_name":"Wayne Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wayne Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["ZEISS Vision Care, Carl Zeiss Vision (Guangzhou) Ltd., Guangzhou, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ZEISS Vision Care, Carl Zeiss Vision (Guangzhou) Ltd., Guangzhou, P.R. China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159577916","display_name":"Youhua Yang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youhua Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["ZEISS Vision Care, Carl Zeiss Vision (Guangzhou) Ltd., Guangzhou, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ZEISS Vision Care, Carl Zeiss Vision (Guangzhou) Ltd., Guangzhou, P.R. China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042772437","display_name":"\u674e\u4e3d\u534e","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145773","display_name":"Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04j2cfe69","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145773"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lihua Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin Eye Hospital Optometric Center, Tianjin, P.R. China","Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Eye Hospital Optometric Center, Tianjin, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145773"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145773"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069902566","display_name":"Padmaja R. Sankaridurg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5537-6193","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5537-6193"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Padmaja Sankaridurg","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia","ZEISS Vision Care, Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ZEISS Vision Care, Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042772437"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145773"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85296539,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10381","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10381","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12006","display_name":"Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/myopia","display_name":"myopia","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectacle-lenses","display_name":"spectacle lenses","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/myopia-progression","display_name":"myopia progression","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/axial-elongation","display_name":"axial elongation","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children","display_name":"children","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustained-efficacy","display_name":"sustained efficacy","score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spherical-equivalent-refraction","display_name":"spherical equivalent refraction","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/axial-length","display_name":"axial length","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-vision-lenses","display_name":"single vision lenses","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-adherence","display_name":"medication adherence","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cycloplegic-refraction","display_name":"cycloplegic refraction","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-mixed-models","display_name":"linear mixed models","score":0.5649999976158142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.5672000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205318122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72277","display_name":"Refraction","level":2,"score":0.5281999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781135284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470427","display_name":"Refractive error","level":3,"score":0.48100000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.44620001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.4259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33947775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271439","display_name":"Elongation","level":3,"score":0.39089998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992234860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Eye care","level":2,"score":0.3650999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188816634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2113324","display_name":"Prospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.3343000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781093698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18386005","display_name":"Subjective refraction","level":4,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779333404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1571081","display_name":"Orthokeratology","level":3,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993769353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7598360","display_name":"Standard of care","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12886-026-05449-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-026-05449-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-026-05449-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49440999","display_name":"BMC Ophthalmology","issn_l":"1471-2415","issn":["1471-2415"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12886-026-05449-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-026-05449-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-026-05449-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49440999","display_name":"BMC Ophthalmology","issn_l":"1471-2415","issn":["1471-2415"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9537000060081482,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Clinical Trial","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4404445821","https://openalex.org/W4411276422","https://openalex.org/W7166879776","https://openalex.org/W4409903591","https://openalex.org/W7224106227","https://openalex.org/W4320491626","https://openalex.org/W7147625710","https://openalex.org/W7127159041","https://openalex.org/W7212165730","https://openalex.org/W4411814962"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Purpose":[1],"To":[2],"evaluate":[3],"the":[4,93,110,135,160,180,194,206,331],"3-year":[5,161],"efficacy":[6,304,319],"of":[7,47,92,155,328,348],"spectacle":[8,74,300,352],"lenses":[9,265,301,338,353],"incorporating":[10],"cylindrical":[11],"annular":[12],"refractive":[13],"elements":[14],"(CARE":[15],"and":[16,23,28,63,81,118,150,197,233,256,262,285,297,309,335,360],"CARE":[17,72,116,195,207,231,241,261,263,284,286,296,298,323,334,336],"S)":[18],"in":[19,26,54,109,179,193,205,305,315,330,346,366],"slowing":[20,306,327,347],"myopia":[21,46,248,307,349,364],"progression":[22,123,169,249,277,308,329],"axial":[24,82,310],"elongation":[25,213,311],"children,":[27],"to":[29,49,66,99,115,177,191,203,219,228,238,245,273,292],"assess":[30],"whether":[31],"treatment":[32],"effects":[33],"were":[34,52,85,97,113,141],"sustained":[35,303],"over":[36,134,312],"time.":[37,270],"Methods":[38],"240":[39],"Chinese":[40,316],"children":[41,108],"aged":[42],"6\u201313":[43],"years":[44,314],"with":[45,184,221,230,240,260,269,278,281,322,350],"-0.75":[48],"-5.00":[50],"D":[51,173,187,200],"enrolled":[53],"a":[55,358],"multicentre,":[56],"prospective,":[57],"parallel-group,":[58],"double-masked,":[59],"randomized":[60],"clinical":[61],"trial":[62],"randomly":[64],"assigned":[65],"wear":[67],"single-vision":[68],"(SV),":[69],"CARE,":[70],"or":[71],"S":[73,208,242,264,287,299,337],"lenses.":[75,243,324],"Cycloplegic":[76],"spherical":[77],"equivalent":[78],"refraction":[79],"(SE)":[80],"length":[83],"(AL)":[84],"measured":[86],"at":[87],"6-month":[88],"intervals.":[89],"After":[90],"completion":[91],"2-year":[94],"trial,":[95],"participants":[96,157],"invited":[98],"continue":[100],"for":[101,143,363],"an":[102],"additional":[103],"year.":[104],"At":[105],"30":[106],"months,":[107],"SV":[111,122,181,222,246,279],"group":[112,196],"switched":[114],"lenses,":[117,223,232,247],"hence":[119],"Year":[120],"3":[121,164,313],"was":[124,170,214,250,320],"estimated":[125],"using":[126],"linear":[127],"mixed-effects":[128],"models":[129],"derived":[130],"from":[131],"observed":[132,321],"data":[133],"first":[136],"2":[137],"years.":[138],"Three-year":[139],"outcomes":[140],"adjusted":[142,166],"age,":[144],"sex,":[145],"study":[146],"site,":[147],"baseline":[148],"refraction,":[149],"compliance.":[151],"Results":[152],"A":[153],"total":[154],"186":[156],"(78%)":[158],"completed":[159],"follow-up.":[162],"Over":[163],"years,":[165],"mean":[167,211],"SE":[168],"\u2212":[171,185,198],"1.69":[172],"(95%":[174,188],"CI,":[175,189],"-1.85":[176],"-1.53)":[178],"group,":[182,333],"compared":[183],"1.07":[186],"-1.23":[190],"-0.91)":[192],"1.24":[199],"(CI,":[201,217,226,236],"-1.40":[202],"-1.08)":[204],"group.":[209],"Adjusted":[210],"AL":[212],"0.85":[215],"mm":[216,225,235,259],"0.78":[218],"0.92)":[220],"0.57":[224],"0.50":[227],"0.64)":[229],"0.67":[234],"0.60":[237],"0.73)":[239],"Relative":[244],"reduced":[251],"by":[252],"0.62":[253],"D/0.28":[254],"mm,":[255],"0.45":[257],"D/0.18":[258],"respectively.":[266],"Efficacy":[267],"accrued":[268],"Comparing":[271],"year":[272,274,291,293],"change,":[275],"annual":[276],"declined":[280],"time":[282],"whereas":[283],"groups":[288],"demonstrated":[289,302,339],"similar":[290],"changes.":[294],"Conclusions":[295],"children.":[317,367],"Greater":[318],"Despite":[325],"age-related":[326],"control":[332],"consistent":[340],"slowing.":[341],"The":[342],"clinically":[343],"meaningful":[344],"differences":[345],"CARE-based":[351],"support":[354],"their":[355],"use":[356],"as":[357],"safe":[359],"effective":[361],"option":[362],"management":[365],"Trial":[368],"registration":[369],"ClinicalTrials.gov,":[370],"NCT05288335.":[371],"Registration":[372],"Date:":[373],"February":[374],"9,":[375],"2022.":[376]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-10-31T00:00:00"}
