{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224923214","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59934/jaiea.v6i1.3099","title":"Challenges in Real-World Deployment of Agricultural Robots: A Systematic Review of Perception, Navigation, and Environmental Adaptation","display_name":"Challenges in Real-World Deployment of Agricultural Robots: A Systematic Review of Perception, Navigation, and Environmental Adaptation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224923214","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59934/jaiea.v6i1.3099"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.59934/jaiea.v6i1.3099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59934/jaiea.v6i1.3099","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.59934/jaiea.v6i1.3099","pdf_url":"https://ioinformatic.org/index.php/JAIEA/article/download/3099/2099","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387290608","display_name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Engineering Applications (JAIEA)","issn_l":"2808-4519","issn":["2808-4519"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Engineering Applications (JAIEA)","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ioinformatic.org/index.php/JAIEA/article/download/3099/2099","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160161546","display_name":"Al - Khaidar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130850664","display_name":"Malikussaleh University","ror":"https://ror.org/03c21xx79","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130850664"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Al - Khaidar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Program Studi Magister Teknologi Informasi, Universitas Malikussaleh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Program Studi Magister Teknologi Informasi, Universitas Malikussaleh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130850664"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160156130","display_name":"Hermansyah","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106955","display_name":"Universitas Almuslim","ror":"https://ror.org/02f49t952","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106955"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hermansyah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Informatics Engineering Study Program, Almuslim University","Program Studi Teknik Informatika, Universitas Almuslim"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Informatics Engineering Study Program, Almuslim University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106955"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Program Studi Teknik Informatika, Universitas Almuslim","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106955"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160177671","display_name":"Husni","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106955","display_name":"Universitas Almuslim","ror":"https://ror.org/02f49t952","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106955"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Husni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Informatics Engineering Study Program, Almuslim University","Program Studi Teknik Informatika, Universitas Almuslim"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Informatics Engineering Study Program, Almuslim University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106955"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Program Studi Teknik Informatika, Universitas Almuslim","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106955"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53456105,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"1849","last_page":"1854"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12201","display_name":"Agricultural Engineering and Mechanization","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-robotics","display_name":"agricultural robotics","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-world-deployment","display_name":"field deployment","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"perception","score":0.5609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot-navigation","display_name":"robot navigation","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-adaptation","display_name":"environmental adaptation","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occlusion","display_name":"occlusion","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vision-based-guidance","display_name":"vision-based guidance","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seasonal-variation","display_name":"seasonal variation","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crop-variability","display_name":"crop variability","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harvesting-robots","display_name":"harvesting robots","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodal-sensing","display_name":"multimodal sensing","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/localization","display_name":"localization","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/farmer-acceptance","display_name":"farmer acceptance","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technology-adoption","display_name":"technology adoption","score":0.5849999785423279}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.5333999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109747225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815758","display_name":"Scarcity","level":2,"score":0.5094000101089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.5088000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4772999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.4765999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93692415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502030","display_name":"Thematic map","level":2,"score":0.4083999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38580000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.38190001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.35199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.3328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128383755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3816336","display_name":"Agricultural productivity","level":3,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63882131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17122954","display_name":"Strengths and weaknesses","level":2,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120217122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740083","display_name":"Precision agriculture","level":3,"score":0.3021000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164749845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320389","display_name":"Environmental impact assessment","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51193700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5376358","display_name":"Water scarcity","level":3,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.59934/jaiea.v6i1.3099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59934/jaiea.v6i1.3099","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.59934/jaiea.v6i1.3099","pdf_url":"https://ioinformatic.org/index.php/JAIEA/article/download/3099/2099","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387290608","display_name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Engineering Applications (JAIEA)","issn_l":"2808-4519","issn":["2808-4519"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Engineering Applications (JAIEA)","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.59934/jaiea.v6i1.3099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59934/jaiea.v6i1.3099","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.59934/jaiea.v6i1.3099","pdf_url":"https://ioinformatic.org/index.php/JAIEA/article/download/3099/2099","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387290608","display_name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Engineering Applications (JAIEA)","issn_l":"2808-4519","issn":["2808-4519"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Engineering Applications (JAIEA)","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9208999872207642,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224923214.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224923214.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2945805290","https://openalex.org/W2958626453","https://openalex.org/W2968952932","https://openalex.org/W2998587218","https://openalex.org/W3004299129","https://openalex.org/W3004337988","https://openalex.org/W3004479823","https://openalex.org/W3011638763","https://openalex.org/W3020952808","https://openalex.org/W3026254524","https://openalex.org/W3048025158","https://openalex.org/W3080577972","https://openalex.org/W3083926560","https://openalex.org/W3094554902","https://openalex.org/W3101588740","https://openalex.org/W3110110644","https://openalex.org/W3116628835","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3126385256","https://openalex.org/W3136130522","https://openalex.org/W3158336725","https://openalex.org/W3160948034","https://openalex.org/W3174688612","https://openalex.org/W3175317224","https://openalex.org/W3195891552","https://openalex.org/W3199761691","https://openalex.org/W4214831823","https://openalex.org/W4239338967","https://openalex.org/W4280532523","https://openalex.org/W4281796415","https://openalex.org/W4284690797","https://openalex.org/W4287848462","https://openalex.org/W4313420583","https://openalex.org/W4313472449","https://openalex.org/W4318224841","https://openalex.org/W4319949132","https://openalex.org/W4320890312","https://openalex.org/W4367181416","https://openalex.org/W4382653103"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2558551879","https://openalex.org/W7154622830","https://openalex.org/W2312667451","https://openalex.org/W7154939536","https://openalex.org/W7161283144","https://openalex.org/W4385635898","https://openalex.org/W2472944192","https://openalex.org/W3048436184","https://openalex.org/W4415672982","https://openalex.org/W7155579170"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Agricultural":[0],"robots":[1,29,154],"have":[2,14],"shown":[3],"strong":[4],"results":[5],"in":[6,66,76,91,131,161],"laboratories":[7],"and":[8,44,57,62,68,71,93,114,121,135,137,170,190,194],"controlled":[9,32],"trials,":[10],"yet":[11],"few":[12],"systems":[13,141],"reached":[15],"sustained":[16],"commercial":[17],"use":[18],"on":[19,38],"farms.":[20],"This":[21],"systematic":[22],"review":[23,176],"examines":[24],"why":[25],"performance":[26],"degrades":[27],"when":[28],"move":[30],"from":[31],"settings":[33],"to":[34],"real":[35],"fields,":[36],"focusing":[37],"three":[39],"coupled":[40],"capabilities:":[41],"perception,":[42],"navigation,":[43],"environmental":[45],"adaptation.":[46],"Following":[47],"the":[48,94,104],"PRISMA":[49],"2020":[50,61],"guideline,":[51],"peer-reviewed":[52],"journal":[53],"articles,":[54],"conference":[55],"papers,":[56],"reviews":[58],"published":[59],"between":[60],"2026":[63],"were":[64,74],"searched":[65],"Scopus":[67],"IEEE":[69],"Xplore,":[70],"38":[72],"studies":[73],"included":[75],"a":[77],"qualitative":[78],"thematic":[79],"synthesis.":[80],"Perception":[81],"remains":[82],"limited":[83],"by":[84,103,128],"occlusion,":[85],"variable":[86],"natural":[87],"illumination,":[88],"depth-sensor":[89],"degradation":[90],"sunlight,":[92],"scarcity":[95],"of":[96,106,152,192],"diverse":[97],"annotated":[98],"datasets.":[99],"Navigation":[100],"is":[101,126],"constrained":[102],"loss":[105],"satellite":[107],"positioning":[108],"under":[109],"canopies,":[110],"irregular":[111],"crop":[112,132,136],"rows,":[113],"uneven":[115],"terrain,":[116],"which":[117],"has":[118],"motivated":[119],"vision-based":[120],"learning-based":[122],"guidance.":[123],"Environmental":[124],"adaptation":[125],"hindered":[127],"seasonal":[129],"changes":[130],"appearance,":[133],"weather,":[134],"cultivar":[138],"variability,":[139],"so":[140],"tuned":[142],"for":[143],"one":[144],"site":[145],"often":[146],"fail":[147],"at":[148],"another.":[149],"Field":[150],"evaluations":[151],"harvesting":[153],"confirm":[155],"that":[156],"success":[157],"rates":[158],"fall":[159],"sharply":[160],"unmodified":[162],"crops.":[163],"Beyond":[164],"technical":[165],"issues,":[166],"cost,":[167],"safety,":[168],"legislation,":[169],"farmer":[171],"acceptance":[172],"shape":[173],"adoption.":[174],"The":[175],"identifies":[177],"research":[178],"priorities,":[179],"including":[180],"multimodal":[181],"sensing,":[182],"robust":[183],"localization,":[184],"adaptive":[185],"learning,":[186],"standardized":[187],"field":[188],"benchmarks,":[189],"co-design":[191],"crops":[193],"robots.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-31T00:00:00"}