{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224907741","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23799670","title":"Deep Learning-Based Crowd Safety and Risk Prediction: A Review of Density Estimation, Behavioral Anomaly Detection, and Early Warning Approaches","display_name":"Deep Learning-Based Crowd Safety and Risk Prediction: A Review of Density Estimation, Behavioral Anomaly Detection, and Early Warning Approaches","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224907741","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23799670"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23799670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23799670","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23799670","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23799670","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114372601","display_name":"S. Jansi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jansi S","raw_affiliation_strings":["Achariya College of Engineering Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Achariya College of Engineering Technology","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160213182","display_name":"Dharanya D","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dharanya D","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160225119","display_name":"Mahalakshmi A","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahalakshmi A","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160216696","display_name":"Mohanasri S","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohanasri S","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160176517","display_name":"Sivabarathi S","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sivabarathi S","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8280662,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.5853999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.5853999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.38499999046325684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.012799999676644802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowd-safety","display_name":"crowd safety","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowd-density-estimation","display_name":"crowd density estimation","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abnormal-behavior-detection","display_name":"abnormal behavior detection","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowd-monitoring","display_name":"crowd monitoring","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowd-counting","display_name":"crowd counting","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-tracking","display_name":"human tracking","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-warning-systems","display_name":"early warning systems","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lightweight-models","display_name":"lightweight models","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/railway-stations","display_name":"railway stations","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-events","display_name":"public events","score":0.8050000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5241000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5192000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176777502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4774623","display_name":"Anticipation (artificial intelligence)","level":2,"score":0.5145999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29825287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427940","display_name":"Warning system","level":2,"score":0.48559999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777852691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13430821","display_name":"Crowds","level":2,"score":0.48170000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48100000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.4357999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.42410001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.40130001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3878999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.359499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.3547999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44042526","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1355183","display_name":"Crowd psychology","level":2,"score":0.30790001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49261128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132455","display_name":"Hazard","level":2,"score":0.289900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117035363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3769299","display_name":"Human behavior","level":2,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776987312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19693316","display_name":"First responder","level":2,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83804111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1063558","display_name":"Behavioral pattern","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175309249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725864","display_name":"Pipeline transport","level":2,"score":0.26190000772476196}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23799670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23799670","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23799670","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23799671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23799671","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23799671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23799670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23799670","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23799670","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7250000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4411952944","https://openalex.org/W7221581179","https://openalex.org/W7165476508","https://openalex.org/W7140158238","https://openalex.org/W7221791296","https://openalex.org/W4206237892","https://openalex.org/W4283318837","https://openalex.org/W7160254949","https://openalex.org/W4313594490","https://openalex.org/W3045750968"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ensuring":[0],"public":[1,18],"safety":[2],"in":[3,51,58,134],"crowded":[4],"environments":[5],"such":[6],"as":[7,199],"railway":[8],"stations":[9],"and":[10,17,30,37,55,61,65,77,88,117,131,141,155,170,188,193,203],"transportation":[11],"hubs,":[12],"religious":[13],"services,":[14],"shopping":[15],"centers":[16],"events":[19],"is":[20,180,197],"an":[21,82],"important":[22],"topic.":[23],"Higher":[24],"density,":[25,108],"less-predictable":[26],"crowd":[27,99,107,115,153],"movement,":[28],"occlusion":[29],"changing":[31],"environmental":[32,158],"conditions":[33],"complicate":[34],"manual":[35],"observation":[36],"can":[38],"delay":[39],"the":[40],"recognition":[41],"of":[42,136,149],"dangerous":[43],"conditions.":[44],"Deep":[45],"learning":[46],"approaches":[47],"have":[48],"enabled":[49],"progress":[50],"methods":[52,71,104],"for":[53,85,105,165],"counting":[54],"estimating":[56,106],"density":[57,154],"crowds,":[59],"detecting":[60,66,111],"tracking":[62],"human":[63],"individuals":[64],"abnormal":[67],"behavior":[68],"but":[69],"many":[70],"focus":[72,102],"on":[73,96,103],"their":[74,137],"specific":[75],"tasks":[76],"are":[78,124,132],"not":[79,205],"linked":[80],"with":[81,101,191],"integrated":[83],"mechanism":[84],"risk":[86,189],"anticipation":[87],"timely":[89],"intervention.":[90],"This":[91],"article":[92],"reviews":[93],"recent":[94],"work":[95],"artificial":[97],"intelligence-based":[98],"monitoring":[100],"lightweight":[109],"models,":[110],"behavioral":[112],"anomaly,":[113],"predictive":[114],"analysis":[116],"privacy-aware":[118],"edge-based":[119],"deployment.":[120],"The":[121,144,195],"collected":[122],"studies":[123],"reviewed":[125],"according":[126],"to":[127,157,174,182],"major":[128],"technical":[129],"categories,":[130],"compared":[133],"terms":[135],"goals,":[138],"deployment":[139],"issues":[140],"reported":[142],"limitations.":[143],"review":[145],"reveals":[146],"recurring":[147],"areas":[148],"difficulty":[150],"concerning":[151],"extreme":[152],"robustness":[156],"changes,":[159],"generalization":[160],"across":[161],"scenes,":[162],"separate":[163],"pipelines":[164],"different":[166],"tasks,":[167],"real-time":[168],"operation":[169],"privacy.":[171],"With":[172],"regard":[173],"these":[175],"issues,":[176],"conceptual":[177],"Intelli-Watch":[178],"architecture":[179,196],"sketched":[181],"link":[183],"crowd-state":[184],"estimation,":[185],"movement":[186],"analysis,":[187],"forecasting":[190],"human-oversight":[192],"alerting.":[194],"presented":[198],"a":[200],"research":[201],"direction":[202],"has":[204],"yet":[206],"been":[207],"implemented":[208],"or":[209],"validated.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2026-10-31T00:00:00"}
