{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224899273","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v7i4.105660","title":"Food Security at What Cost? An Economic and Fiscal Analysis of the Php 20 Rice Price Policy in the Philippines","display_name":"Food Security at What Cost? An Economic and Fiscal Analysis of the Php 20 Rice Price Policy in the Philippines","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224899273","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v7i4.105660"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.36956/rwae.v7i4.105660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v7i4.105660","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v7i4.105660","pdf_url":"https://journals.nasspublishing.com/index.php/rwae/article/download/105660","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177428","display_name":"Research on World Agricultural Economy","issn_l":"2737-4777","issn":["2737-4777","2737-4785","2737-4858","2737-4866"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research on World Agricultural Economy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.nasspublishing.com/index.php/rwae/article/download/105660","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160228204","display_name":"Benjamin D.Rubin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0957-5989","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0957-5989"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin D.Rubin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0957-5989","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064413622","display_name":"Francis L. Mayo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6245-7397","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6245-7397"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133213403","display_name":"Cebu Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/04x649j07","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133213403"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I617233","display_name":"University of San Carlos","ror":"https://ror.org/041jw5813","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I617233"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francis L. Mayo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Cebu Technological University \u2013Moalboal Campus, Moalboal 6032, Philippines;       Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, University of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000, Philippines","Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, University of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6245-7397","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Cebu Technological University \u2013Moalboal Campus, Moalboal 6032, Philippines;       Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, University of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133213403","https://openalex.org/I617233"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, University of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I617233"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":400},"apc_paid":{"value":400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":400},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88018674,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"4","first_page":"277","last_page":"295"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11898","display_name":"Economics of Agriculture and Food Markets","score":0.9375,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11898","display_name":"Economics of Agriculture and Food Markets","score":0.9375,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11805","display_name":"Agricultural economics and policies","score":0.029100000858306885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13508","display_name":"Agricultural Economics and Practices","score":0.024399999529123306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-security","display_name":"food security","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rice-subsidies","display_name":"rice subsidies","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiscal-impact","display_name":"fiscal impact","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/farm-profitability","display_name":"farm profitability","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rice-import-dependence","display_name":"rice import dependence","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-value-chains","display_name":"agricultural value chains","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stockpiling","display_name":"stockpiling","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-investment","display_name":"agricultural investment","score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philippines","display_name":"Philippines","score":0.421999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84265765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193219","display_name":"Subsidy","level":2,"score":0.5975000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C549605437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1229911","display_name":"Food security","level":3,"score":0.5892000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.534600019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129361004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2470236","display_name":"Profitability index","level":2,"score":0.5246000289916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.5145999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.430400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.4284000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.427700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779957034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24886253","display_name":"Food prices","level":4,"score":0.39629998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.3926999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123587114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2101508","display_name":"Policy analysis","level":2,"score":0.3785000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3987366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6658164","display_name":"Livelihood","level":3,"score":0.3400999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993662475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178476","display_name":"Price policy","level":3,"score":0.3384999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778184291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1670749","display_name":"Price support","level":3,"score":0.33709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105639569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582577","display_name":"Economic policy","level":1,"score":0.3296000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64112148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160151","display_name":"Market price","level":2,"score":0.32850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181622380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911","display_name":"Profit (economics)","level":2,"score":0.32499998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.3188999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128383755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3816336","display_name":"Agricultural productivity","level":3,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777363581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15098235","display_name":"Harm","level":2,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109168655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242988","display_name":"Liberian dollar","level":2,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778852317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396198","display_name":"Agricultural policy","level":3,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524878704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187021","display_name":"Fiscal policy","level":2,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193991484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2509483","display_name":"Government revenue","level":3,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54750564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26643","display_name":"Commerce","level":1,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109332788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q615445","display_name":"Economic efficiency","level":2,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779363069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5465509","display_name":"Food policy","level":4,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127454912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942582","display_name":"Cost\u2013benefit analysis","level":2,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1670747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396622","display_name":"Agribusiness","level":3,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.36956/rwae.v7i4.105660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v7i4.105660","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v7i4.105660","pdf_url":"https://journals.nasspublishing.com/index.php/rwae/article/download/105660","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177428","display_name":"Research on World Agricultural Economy","issn_l":"2737-4777","issn":["2737-4777","2737-4785","2737-4858","2737-4866"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research on World Agricultural Economy","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.36956/rwae.v7i4.105660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v7i4.105660","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v7i4.105660","pdf_url":"https://journals.nasspublishing.com/index.php/rwae/article/download/105660","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177428","display_name":"Research on World Agricultural Economy","issn_l":"2737-4777","issn":["2737-4777","2737-4785","2737-4858","2737-4866"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research on World Agricultural Economy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.958299994468689,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"},{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.8928999900817871,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224899273.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224899273.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2036830567","https://openalex.org/W2593888401","https://openalex.org/W2887783989","https://openalex.org/W3012470532","https://openalex.org/W3014427070","https://openalex.org/W4211049395","https://openalex.org/W4293546856","https://openalex.org/W4310049412","https://openalex.org/W4390996416","https://openalex.org/W4392844744","https://openalex.org/W4400902559"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976240123","https://openalex.org/W4399150502","https://openalex.org/W6893146516","https://openalex.org/W2479765444","https://openalex.org/W4408684817","https://openalex.org/W243677946","https://openalex.org/W7157305090","https://openalex.org/W4411466192","https://openalex.org/W2266172890","https://openalex.org/W4415173824"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,42,58,87,126,158,181,210],"evaluation":[1],"assesses":[2],"the":[3,12,63,71,82,91,100,106,152,223],"economic":[4],"sustainability,":[5],"social":[6],"implications,":[7],"and":[8,37,55,120,123,139,164,177,202,226],"fiscal":[9,230],"impact":[10],"of":[11,22,50,85,95,134,154],"Philippine":[13],"government's":[14],"goal":[15],"to":[16,112,130,143,174,187,197,205],"establish":[17],"a":[18,32,38,145,214,229],"universal":[19,146],"retail":[20,124],"price":[21,67,147,218],"Php":[23,64,79,107,136,140,215],"20":[24,108],"per":[25],"kilogram":[26],"for":[27,238],"rice,":[28],"which":[29,75,149,171],"serves":[30],"as":[31],"vital":[33],"food":[34,240],"security":[35],"measure":[36],"powerful":[39],"political":[40],"icon.":[41],"research":[43,59,159,211],"evaluates":[44],"this":[45],"extensive":[46],"policy":[47,182],"through":[48],"analyses":[49],"official":[51],"statistics,":[52],"academic":[53],"studies,":[54],"industry":[56],"reports.":[57],"data":[60],"shows":[61,89,160],"that":[62,90,161,213],"20/kg":[65,216],"target":[66,109],"remains":[68],"far":[69],"from":[70],"actual":[72],"market":[73,194],"prices,":[74],"reached":[76],"more":[77],"than":[78],"40/kg":[80],"during":[81],"first":[83],"months":[84],"2025.":[86],"analysis":[88],"raw":[92],"material":[93],"cost":[94],"palay":[96],"(unmilled":[97],"rice)":[98],"at":[99],"farmgate":[101],"already":[102],"reaches":[103],"or":[104],"exceeds":[105],"when":[110],"converted":[111],"its":[113],"milled":[114],"rice":[115,217],"equivalent":[116],"before":[117],"adding":[118],"milling":[119],"logistics":[121],"expenses":[122],"margins.":[125],"government":[127],"would":[128,150,183,191,227],"need":[129],"provide":[131,184],"annual":[132],"subsidies":[133],"between":[135],"178":[137],"billion":[138,142],"329":[141],"implement":[144],"ceiling,":[148],"exceed":[151],"Department":[153],"Agriculture's":[155],"total":[156],"budget.":[157],"farmer":[162],"profitability":[163],"livelihood":[165],"sustainability":[166],"are":[167],"under":[168],"severe":[169],"threat,":[170],"could":[172],"lead":[173],"decreased":[175,199],"production":[176],"increased":[178],"import":[179],"dependence.":[180],"immediate":[185],"benefits":[186],"consumers,":[188],"yet":[189],"it":[190],"generate":[192],"substantial":[193],"disruptions,":[195],"leading":[196],"stockpiling,":[198],"private-sector":[200],"investment,":[201],"permanent":[203],"harm":[204],"agricultural":[206,234],"value":[207],"chain":[208],"operations.":[209],"demonstrates":[212],"is":[219],"economically":[220],"unfeasible":[221],"in":[222],"present":[224],"situation":[225],"create":[228],"problem,":[231],"diverting":[232],"essential":[233],"productivity":[235],"investments":[236],"required":[237],"sustained":[239],"security.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-31T00:00:00"}