{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224898460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/uw2h9_v1","title":"Asymmetric Warfare and Implications for Counter-Terrorism Operations in North-East Nigeria","display_name":"Asymmetric Warfare and Implications for Counter-Terrorism Operations in North-East Nigeria","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224898460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/uw2h9_v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31235/osf.io/uw2h9_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/uw2h9_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/uw2h9_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/uw2h9_v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160176956","display_name":"Etim Joseph Inwang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8967-489X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8967-489X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Etim Joseph Inwang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8967-489X","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160176956"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13494","display_name":"Military History and Strategy","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14111","display_name":"Diverse Research Studies Overview","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asymmetric-warfare","display_name":"asymmetric warfare","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counter-terrorism-operations","display_name":"counterterrorism operations","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boko-haram","display_name":"Boko Haram","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iswap","display_name":"ISWAP","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/northeast-nigeria","display_name":"North-East Nigeria","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/securitization-theory","display_name":"securitization theory","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-security-policy","display_name":"national security policy","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligence-integration","display_name":"intelligence integration","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interagency-coordination","display_name":"inter-agency coordination","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civilian-protection","display_name":"civilian protection","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-vulnerability","display_name":"socioeconomic vulnerability","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-border-insurgency","display_name":"cross-border insurgency","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-based-security","display_name":"community-based security","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-security-cooperation","display_name":"regional security cooperation","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-security","display_name":"human security","score":0.5809999704360962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780619108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852175","display_name":"Securitization","level":2,"score":0.5738999843597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203133693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283","display_name":"Terrorism","level":2,"score":0.5493000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169087156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2131593","display_name":"Framing (construction)","level":2,"score":0.46860000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4512999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.43970000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780048507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1409574","display_name":"Firepower","level":2,"score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.3984000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528167355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258307","display_name":"National security","level":2,"score":0.38089999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.3725999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4445939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432","display_name":"Islam","level":2,"score":0.3675999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3603000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779449393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q302285","display_name":"Human security","level":2,"score":0.3370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777054862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q392160","display_name":"Failed state","level":3,"score":0.2953999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778227311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2575688","display_name":"Militarization","level":3,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154908896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2167404","display_name":"Security policy","level":2,"score":0.2825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144559511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2986279","display_name":"Principal (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74363100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005","display_name":"Economic system","level":1,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552854447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201","display_name":"Sustainable development","level":2,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778868856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18394273","display_name":"Threat assessment","level":2,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118813454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219087","display_name":"Military strategy","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778627824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178561","display_name":"Battle","level":2,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110956428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6857873","display_name":"Military threat","level":3,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31235/osf.io/uw2h9_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/uw2h9_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/uw2h9_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31235/osf.io/uw2h9_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/uw2h9_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/uw2h9_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9595999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7213869602","https://openalex.org/W7223944841","https://openalex.org/W7106846862","https://openalex.org/W4405138460","https://openalex.org/W4295414123","https://openalex.org/W3208871946","https://openalex.org/W4390979063","https://openalex.org/W7220540271","https://openalex.org/W4415170391","https://openalex.org/W7156099853"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,15,54,108,189,221],"examined":[2],"asymmetric":[3,90],"warfare":[4,91],"and":[5,24,35,49,68,73,76,100,114,150,184,214,247,278],"its":[6,95,101],"implications":[7,96],"for":[8,97,103],"counter-terrorism":[9,98,163,225],"operations":[10,34,233],"in":[11,92,140,230],"North-East":[12,93],"Nigeria.":[13],"The":[14,53,80,107,117,157,188,220,252],"was":[16,82,109],"motivated":[17],"by":[18,236],"the":[19,36,87,121,151,193,199,212,256,262,269],"persistence":[20],"of":[21,89,124,195,201,264,271],"Boko":[22],"Haram":[23],"Islamic":[25],"State":[26],"West":[27],"Africa":[28],"Province":[29],"(ISWAP)":[30],"despite":[31],"sustained":[32,276],"military":[33,232,265],"resulting":[37],"need":[38],"to":[39,137,171],"understand":[40],"why":[41],"conventional":[42],"superiority":[43],"has":[44,165,197],"not":[45,128,210,261],"translated":[46],"into":[47,275],"decisive":[48],"sustainable":[50],"security":[51,78,105,203,273,280],"outcomes.":[52,281],"adopted":[55],"a":[56],"qualitative":[57],"literature":[58,158],"review":[59],"design":[60],"based":[61],"on":[62,111],"peer-reviewed":[63],"journal":[64],"articles,":[65],"scholarly":[66],"books":[67],"chapters,":[69],"Nigerian":[70],"policy":[71,258],"documents,":[72],"relevant":[74],"institutional":[75,213,245,277],"regional":[77,241],"materials.":[79],"analysis":[81,118],"organised":[83],"around":[84],"three":[85],"issues:":[86],"characteristics":[88],"Nigeria,":[94],"operations,":[99],"consequences":[102],"national":[104],"policy.":[106],"anchored":[110],"Asymmetry":[112],"Theory":[113],"Securitization":[115],"Theory.":[116],"indicates":[119,160],"that":[120,161,192,217,223,255],"principal":[122],"advantage":[123],"insurgent":[125,186],"groups":[126],"does":[127,209],"derive":[129],"from":[130,134],"superior":[131],"firepower":[132],"but":[133,169,205,268],"their":[135],"ability":[136],"exploit":[138],"differences":[139],"political":[141],"objectives,":[142],"operational":[143,167],"flexibility,":[144],"mobility,":[145],"local":[146],"knowledge,":[147],"civilian":[148,180,243],"environments":[149],"costs":[152],"associated":[153,174],"with":[154,175],"prolonged":[155],"conflict.":[156],"also":[159],"Nigeria\u2019s":[162],"response":[164],"achieved":[166],"successes":[168],"continues":[170],"encounter":[172],"difficulties":[173],"intelligence":[176,237],"integration,":[177],"inter-agency":[178],"coordination,":[179,238],"protection,":[181,244],"socio-economic":[182,250],"vulnerability":[183],"cross-border":[185],"mobility.":[187],"further":[190],"finds":[191],"securitization":[194],"terrorism":[196],"facilitated":[198],"mobilisation":[200],"extraordinary":[202],"resources,":[204],"threat":[206],"framing":[207],"alone":[208,267],"resolve":[211],"developmental":[215],"conditions":[216],"sustain":[218],"insecurity.":[219],"argues":[222],"effective":[224],"requires":[226],"an":[227],"integrated":[228],"approach":[229],"which":[231],"are":[234],"complemented":[235],"community-based":[239],"security,":[240],"cooperation,":[242],"strengthening":[246],"measures":[248],"addressing":[249],"vulnerability.":[251],"article":[253],"concludes":[254],"central":[257],"challenge":[259],"is":[260],"absence":[263],"capacity":[266,274],"difficulty":[270],"converting":[272],"human":[279]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2026-10-31T00:00:00"}
