{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224880340","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2026.54.39.53501","title":"Ebola preparedness in Sierra Leone during the 2026 Bundibugyo virus emergency: institutional findings and introduction of the Architectural and Operational Readiness Gap (AORG) framework.","display_name":"Ebola preparedness in Sierra Leone during the 2026 Bundibugyo virus emergency: institutional findings and introduction of the Architectural and Operational Readiness Gap (AORG) framework.","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224880340","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2026.54.39.53501","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42953108","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13713775"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13713775","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2026.54.39.53501","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13713775/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13713775/pdf/PAMJ-54-39.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pan Afr Med J","raw_type":"Text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13713775/pdf/PAMJ-54-39.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075733687","display_name":"Eric Nzirakaindi Ikoona","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3402-1961","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3402-1961"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Nzirakaindi Ikoona","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Public Health Agency, 42A Main Motor Road, Wilberforce, Freetown, Sierra Leone"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Public Health Agency, 42A Main Motor Road, Wilberforce, Freetown, Sierra Leone","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029017850","display_name":"Lucy Namulemo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0594-2956","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0594-2956"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucy Namulemo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Foothills Community-Based Interventions, Kentucky, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Foothills Community-Based Interventions, Kentucky, United States of America","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139679126","display_name":"Mary Magdalene Sinnah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2387-1371","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2387-1371"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mary Magdalene Sinnah","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Public Health Agency, 42A Main Motor Road, Wilberforce, Freetown, Sierra Leone"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Public Health Agency, 42A Main Motor Road, Wilberforce, Freetown, Sierra Leone","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158928182","display_name":"Mohamed Alex Vandi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Alex Vandi","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Public Health Agency, 42A Main Motor Road, Wilberforce, Freetown, Sierra Leone"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Public Health Agency, 42A Main Motor Road, Wilberforce, Freetown, Sierra Leone","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029615711","display_name":"Foday Sahr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9816-4502","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9816-4502","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6206-3340"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Foday Sahr","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Public Health Agency, 42A Main Motor Road, Wilberforce, Freetown, Sierra Leone"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Public Health Agency, 42A Main Motor Road, Wilberforce, Freetown, Sierra Leone","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":null,"first_page":"39","last_page":"39"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11581","display_name":"Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research","score":0.7045999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11581","display_name":"Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research","score":0.7045999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11430","display_name":"Disaster Response and Management","score":0.2896000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3604","display_name":"Emergency Medical Services"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10747","display_name":"Disaster Management and Resilience","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ebola-virus-disease","display_name":"Ebola virus disease","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bundibugyo-virus","display_name":"Bundibugyo virus","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergency-preparedness","display_name":"disaster preparedness","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infection-control","display_name":"infection control","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entry-points","display_name":"entry points","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-communication","display_name":"risk communication","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laboratory-capacity","display_name":"laboratory capacity","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain-fragility","display_name":"supply chain fragility","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sierra-leone","display_name":"Sierra Leone","score":0.6850000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018567284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1044","display_name":"Sierra leone","level":2,"score":0.8417999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4583103","display_name":"Preparedness","level":2,"score":0.7767999768257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5504999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.4975999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777469322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8064876","display_name":"Ebola virus","level":3,"score":0.42590001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.41530001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.4108000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.4090000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62555980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460420","display_name":"Emergency management","level":2,"score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.36230000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3547999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.35030001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.34790000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779622097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417724","display_name":"Capacity building","level":2,"score":0.31540000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.30970001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780151969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q949149","display_name":"Sanitation","level":2,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.258899986743927}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000096102","descriptor_name":"Public Health Infrastructure","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002959","descriptor_name":"Civil Defense","qualifier_ui":"Q000458","qualifier_name":"organization & administration","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004189","descriptor_name":"Disaster Planning","qualifier_ui":"Q000458","qualifier_name":"organization & administration","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004196","descriptor_name":"Disease Outbreaks","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011634","descriptor_name":"Public Health","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012807","descriptor_name":"Sierra Leone","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019142","descriptor_name":"Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019142","descriptor_name":"Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13713775","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2026.54.39.53501","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13713775/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13713775/pdf/PAMJ-54-39.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pan Afr Med J","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42953108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2026.54.39.53501","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42953108","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Pan African medical journal","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13713775","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2026.54.39.53501","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13713775/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13713775/pdf/PAMJ-54-39.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pan Afr Med J","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9074000120162964}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320853","display_name":"Public Health Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03ek62e72"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224880340.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224880340.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1895964293","https://openalex.org/W2057327092","https://openalex.org/W2068117923","https://openalex.org/W2142225512","https://openalex.org/W2144660253","https://openalex.org/W2145933466","https://openalex.org/W2152129467","https://openalex.org/W2331393505","https://openalex.org/W2464918574","https://openalex.org/W3092774783","https://openalex.org/W4385564225"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7170724952","https://openalex.org/W4366761105","https://openalex.org/W7161760357","https://openalex.org/W7162426119","https://openalex.org/W7127191591","https://openalex.org/W2557901514","https://openalex.org/W4280638548","https://openalex.org/W7168355501","https://openalex.org/W7165626643","https://openalex.org/W4404062139"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"the":[1,7,15,19,57,84,91,101,104,118,129,145,156],"World":[2],"Health":[3,26,94],"Organization":[4],"(WHO)":[5],"declared":[6],"Bundibugyo":[8,244],"Ebola":[9],"virus":[10],"disease":[11],"(EVD)":[12],"outbreak":[13],"in":[14,72,177,243],"Democratic":[16],"Republic":[17],"of":[18,28,96,107,163,169,197,252],"Congo":[20],"(DRC)":[21],"and":[22,59,87,151,158,167,190,195,222,250],"Uganda":[23],"a":[24,238],"Public":[25,93],"Emergency":[27,85],"International":[29],"Concern":[30],"(PHEIC)":[31],"on":[32],"May":[33,82],"17,":[34],"2026;":[35],"no":[36],"licensed":[37],"vaccine":[38],"or":[39,124],"specific":[40],"therapeutic":[41],"exists.":[42],"Rapid":[43],"preparedness":[44,235,275],"assessments":[45],"tend":[46],"to":[47,155],"capture":[48],"plans":[49],"more":[50],"reliably":[51],"than":[52],"operational":[53,171,240],"functionality.":[54],"We":[55],"propose":[56],"Architectural":[58],"Operational":[60],"Readiness":[61],"Gap":[62],"(AORG)":[63],"framework":[64,270],"as":[65,122,176],"an":[66,253,265],"exploratory":[67,179],"analytic":[68],"lens,":[69],"applied":[70,154],"here":[71],"Sierra":[73,97,231],"Leone.":[74],"Methods:":[75],"cross-sectional,":[76],"convergent":[77],"parallel":[78],"mixed-methods":[79,157,274],"design.":[80],"In":[81],"2026,":[83],"Preparedness":[86],"Response":[88],"team":[89],"at":[90],"National":[92,209],"Agency":[95],"Leone,":[98],"led":[99],"by":[100],"manager,":[102],"completed":[103],"Economic":[105],"Community":[106],"West":[108],"African":[109],"States":[110],"(ECOWAS)":[111],"rapid":[112,139,273],"assessment":[113],"questionnaire.":[114],"Two":[115],"reviewers":[116],"classified":[117],"35":[119],"binary":[120],"indicators":[121,173],"architectural":[123,165],"operational.":[125],"Domain":[126],"AORG":[127,181,206,269],"was":[128],"percentage-point":[130],"difference":[131],"between":[132],"scores.":[133],"Open-text":[134],"responses":[135],"were":[136,174],"analysed":[137],"using":[138],"qualitative":[140,159,217],"content":[141],"analysis.":[142],"Reporting":[143],"follows":[144],"STROBE":[146],"cross-sectional":[147],"checklist,":[148],"with":[149],"GRAMMS":[150],"SRQR":[152],"additionally":[153],"elements.":[160],"Results:":[161],"twelve":[162],"15":[164],"(80%)":[166],"10":[168],"20":[170],"(50%)":[172],"reported":[175,233],"place;":[178],"national":[180],"+30":[182],"percentage":[183],"points.":[184],"Largest":[185],"positive":[186],"AORGs:":[187],"infection":[188,246],"prevention":[189],"control":[191],"(+100":[192,199],"pp;":[193,200],"0/5)":[194],"points":[196],"entry":[198],"0/1).":[201],"Risk":[202],"communication":[203],"showed":[204],"inverse":[205],"(-67":[207],"pp).":[208],"laboratory":[210],"capacity":[211],"covered":[212],"only":[213],"Zaire":[214],"ebolavirus.":[215],"Four":[216],"themes":[218],"emerged:":[219],"training;":[220],"supplies":[221],"supply-chain":[223],"fragility;":[224],"non-functional":[225],"infrastructure;":[226],"decentralised":[227],"local-language":[228],"preparedness.":[229],"Conclusion:":[230],"Leone":[232],"substantial":[234],"architecture":[236],"but":[237],"notable":[239],"gap,":[241],"concentrated":[242],"diagnostics,":[245],"prevention,":[247],"isolation":[248],"infrastructure":[249],"operationalisation":[251],"existing":[254],"emergency":[255],"financing":[256],"trust":[257],"fund.":[258],"Findings":[259],"reflect":[260],"one":[261],"institutional":[262],"position,":[263],"not":[264],"independent":[266],"audit.":[267],"The":[268],"may":[271],"support":[272],"measurement.":[276]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-10-31T00:00:00"}