{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224870972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acm2.70895","title":"Robust enhanced leaf model implementation for beam\u2010matched linear accelerators: Impact of physical leaf gap variations","display_name":"Robust enhanced leaf model implementation for beam\u2010matched linear accelerators: Impact of physical leaf gap variations","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224870972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acm2.70895","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42961336","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13721898"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/acm2.70895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acm2.70895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acm2.70895","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/acm2.70895","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29972171","display_name":"Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics","issn_l":"1526-9914","issn":["1526-9914"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/acm2.70895","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160186908","display_name":"Soyoung Lee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086933","display_name":"NYU Langone Health","ror":"https://ror.org/005dvqh91","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086933"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Soyoung Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation Oncology NYU Langone Health  New York New York USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology NYU Langone Health  New York New York USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035013437","display_name":"Paulina E. Galavis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2154-2488","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2154-2488"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086933","display_name":"NYU Langone Health","ror":"https://ror.org/005dvqh91","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086933"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paulina E. Galavis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation Oncology NYU Langone Health  New York New York USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology NYU Langone Health  New York New York USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086933"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056387486","display_name":"\uc7a5\uc2dc\uc601","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286490081","display_name":"Boston Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/010b9wj87","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286490081"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siyoung Jang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation Oncology Boston Medical Center One Boston Medical Center Place Boston University Chobanian &amp; Avedisian School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology Boston Medical Center One Boston Medical Center Place Boston University Chobanian &amp; Avedisian School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046","https://openalex.org/I1286490081"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160186908"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086933"],"apc_list":{"value":900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":900},"apc_paid":{"value":900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":900},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83769806,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"11","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13690","display_name":"Quality and Safety in Healthcare","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3607","display_name":"Medical Laboratory Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multileaf-collimator","display_name":"multileaf collimator","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/truebeam","display_name":"TrueBeam","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dosimetric-leaf-gap","display_name":"dosimetric leaf gap","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gamma-analysis","display_name":"gamma analysis","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eclipse-treatment-planning-system","display_name":"Eclipse treatment planning system","score":0.6110000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780271382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4993917","display_name":"Truebeam","level":4,"score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180048950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836828","display_name":"Linear particle accelerator","level":3,"score":0.6572999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.46140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151770136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640610","display_name":"Ionization chamber","level":4,"score":0.45669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.4059000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75088862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2291081","display_name":"Dosimetry","level":2,"score":0.40389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017588741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3042357","display_name":"Dose rate","level":2,"score":0.38429999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778505590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141022","display_name":"Eclipse","level":2,"score":0.36230000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3594000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63007395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122891","display_name":"Dose profile","level":3,"score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3280999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.32519999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3091999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90774946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600711","display_name":"Percentage depth dose curve","level":5,"score":0.3075999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50587689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4698328","display_name":"Air gap (plumbing)","level":2,"score":0.3037000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018601724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27862396","display_name":"Water equivalent","level":3,"score":0.2563000023365021}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002138","descriptor_name":"Calibration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010315","descriptor_name":"Particle Accelerators","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011874","descriptor_name":"Radiometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011879","descriptor_name":"Radiotherapy Dosage","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011880","descriptor_name":"Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019047","descriptor_name":"Phantoms, Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D050397","descriptor_name":"Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/acm2.70895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acm2.70895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acm2.70895","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/acm2.70895","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29972171","display_name":"Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics","issn_l":"1526-9914","issn":["1526-9914"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13721898","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13721898/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13721898/pdf/ACM2-27-e70895.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Appl Clin Med Phys","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42961336","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42961336","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of applied clinical medical physics","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/acm2.70895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acm2.70895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acm2.70895","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/acm2.70895","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29972171","display_name":"Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics","issn_l":"1526-9914","issn":["1526-9914"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.46810001134872437}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224870972.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224870972.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973073129","https://openalex.org/W2062635275","https://openalex.org/W2108730863","https://openalex.org/W2163242083","https://openalex.org/W2906136434","https://openalex.org/W2951065362","https://openalex.org/W2972772024","https://openalex.org/W3000815132","https://openalex.org/W3093017421","https://openalex.org/W3214708704","https://openalex.org/W4300689154","https://openalex.org/W4382393476","https://openalex.org/W4391343749","https://openalex.org/W4407141070","https://openalex.org/W4407737996","https://openalex.org/W4412382053","https://openalex.org/W4413115903","https://openalex.org/W4416731434"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416731434","https://openalex.org/W4407141070","https://openalex.org/W2901329124","https://openalex.org/W4300689154","https://openalex.org/W2033970147","https://openalex.org/W4412382053","https://openalex.org/W4407641786","https://openalex.org/W7153520690","https://openalex.org/W2561449476","https://openalex.org/W2087684536"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Leaf-gap":[1,102],"variability":[2,35],"may":[3],"influence":[4],"MLC":[5,43,67,128,132,135,139,213,251],"modeling":[6],"when":[7],"implementing":[8],"the":[9,111,227,296,306,358,362],"Enhanced":[10],"Leaf":[11],"Model":[12],"(ELM)":[13,98,149,220],"in":[14,36,91,110,276,280,283,305,337,361],"Eclipse":[15],"v18.0":[16],"for":[17,54,235,249,384,410],"beam-matched":[18,46,120],"linear":[19],"accelerators":[20],"(linacs)":[21],"previously":[22],"commissioned":[23],"using":[24,126,160,192],"legacy":[25],"dosimetric":[26,319],"leaf":[27,38],"gap":[28],"(DLG)-based":[29],"models.":[30],"PURPOSE:":[31],"To":[32],"characterize":[33],"inter-machine":[34,391],"calibrated":[37,92,354],"gaps":[39],"and":[40,48,96,137,147,164,176,183,199,245,262,292,300,318,343,371,381,388,407],"associated":[41],"ELM-derived":[42,212,314],"parameters":[44,214,315,399],"across":[45,119,349],"linacs":[47,62,228],"to":[49,233,295,330],"develop":[50],"a":[51,83,116,379,405],"practical":[52,406],"strategy":[53,395],"robust":[55,408],"multi-linac":[56,411],"ELM":[57,118,122,386,398,412],"implementation.":[58,413],"METHODS:":[59],"Five":[60],"TrueBeam":[61],"equipped":[63],"with":[64,166,173,179,218,229,254,324,400],"Millennium":[65],"120":[66],"were":[68,100,151,158,171,177,316],"grouped":[69],"into":[70],"two":[71,80],"clinical":[72],"sites":[73],"(Group":[74],"A:":[75],"three":[76,127],"linacs;":[77],"Group":[78,210,269],"B:":[79],"linacs)":[81],"sharing":[82],"matched":[84],"beam":[85],"model":[86],"within":[87,223,265,331,346],"each":[88],"group.":[89],"Variations":[90],"leaf-gap,":[93,355],"measured":[94,159,172,246,307,369],"DLG,":[95],"DLG":[97,144,148,219,367,370],"values":[99,150,221,231],"evaluated.":[101],"variation":[103],"was":[104,124,145,189,321],"harmonized":[105,401],"by":[106,357],"adjusting":[107],"Gap":[108,142,185,230,277,312,359],"value":[109,278,360],"machine":[112,363],"setting":[113],"while":[114],"maintaining":[115],"machine-averaged":[117,397],"linacs.":[121,237],"performance":[123,387],"evaluated":[125],"test":[129,252],"plans:":[130],"dynamic":[131],"(dMLC),":[133],"narrow":[134],"(nMLC),":[136],"static":[138],"(sMLC).":[140],"Following":[141,311],"adjustment,":[143,313],"remeasured,":[146],"verified.":[152],"Central":[153],"doses":[154,299],"of":[155,290],"dMLC":[156,284,308,325,372],"fields":[157],"an":[161,271],"ionization":[162],"chamber":[163],"compared":[165,178],"ELM-calculated":[167],"doses.":[168],"Dose":[169],"profiles":[170,181],"radiochromic":[174],"film,":[175],"calculated":[180,244,298],"before":[182],"after":[184],"adjustment.":[186],"Profile":[187],"agreement":[188,242,320],"further":[190],"quantified":[191],"full":[193],"width":[194],"at":[195],"half":[196],"maximum":[197],"(FWHM)":[198],"one-dimensional":[200],"gamma":[201,256,338],"analysis":[202],"(2%/1":[203],"mm,":[204],"10%":[205],"dose":[206,247,288,327,373],"threshold).":[207],"RESULTS:":[208],"In":[209,268],"A,":[211],"showed":[215],"minimal":[216],"variation,":[217],"agreeing":[222],"0.02":[224],"cm":[225,274,303],"among":[226],"set":[232],"zero":[234],"all":[236,250,350],"Film":[238],"measurements":[239,377],"demonstrated":[240],"excellent":[241],"between":[243],"distributions":[248],"fields,":[253],"nMLC":[255,334],"passing":[257],"rates":[258,340],"generally":[259],"exceeding":[260,341],"98%":[261],"FWHM":[263,344],"differences":[264,328,345],"0.2":[266,347],"mm.":[267],"B,":[270],"initial":[272],"0.05":[273,302],"difference":[275,304],"resulted":[279,336],"substantial":[281],"discrepancies":[282],"tests,":[285],"including":[286],"central":[287,326],"deviations":[289],"-7.5%":[291],"+5.0%":[293],"relative":[294],"corresponding":[297],"approximately":[301],"field":[309],"width.":[310],"converged":[317],"improved":[322],"markedly,":[323],"reduced":[329],"\u00b1":[332],"1.1%.":[333],"tests":[335],"pass":[339],"98%,":[342],"mm":[348],"positions.":[351],"CONCLUSIONS:":[352],"The":[353],"represented":[356],"setting,":[364],"directly":[365],"influences":[366],"(ELM),":[368],"response.":[374],"Dynamic":[375],"sweeping-gap":[376],"provide":[378],"sensitive":[380],"efficient":[382],"method":[383],"validating":[385],"identifying":[389],"residual":[390],"discrepancies.":[392],"A":[393],"hybrid":[394],"combining":[396],"leaf-gap":[402],"settings":[403],"provides":[404],"approach":[409]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-10-31T00:00:00"}
