{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224855803","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34867151","title":"Cutting time short or long? Castration, developmental timing, and longevity in imperial China","display_name":"Cutting time short or long? Castration, developmental timing, and longevity in imperial China","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224855803","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34867151"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.34867151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34867151","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34867151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34867151","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160200459","display_name":"Yan Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160200459"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91793397,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.5278000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.5278000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10174","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Reproduction","score":0.1315000057220459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12011","display_name":"Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management","score":0.07370000332593918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/castration","display_name":"castration","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eunuchs","display_name":"eunuchs","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/longevity","display_name":"longevity","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-history-trade-offs","display_name":"life-history trade-offs","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tang-dynasty","display_name":"Tang dynasty","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ming-dynasty","display_name":"Ming dynasty","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imperial-china","display_name":"imperial China","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/male-survival","display_name":"male survival","score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biographical-records","display_name":"biographical records","score":0.5740000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776759703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066907","display_name":"Longevity","level":2,"score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.6662999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.5525000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201878964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2535146","display_name":"Biosocial theory","level":3,"score":0.40860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59659247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11990","display_name":"Reproduction","level":2,"score":0.38179999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48921125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030","display_name":"Linear regression","level":2,"score":0.35120001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779256933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58929","display_name":"Castration","level":3,"score":0.34139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.33869999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.33739998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019152653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186290","display_name":"Linear relationship","level":2,"score":0.31189998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992790187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145106","display_name":"Historical record","level":3,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119795817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82972","display_name":"History of China","level":3,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179755657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58702","display_name":"Mortality rate","level":2,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64946054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4874476","display_name":"Bayesian multivariate linear regression","level":3,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518429986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q964401","display_name":"Fertility","level":3,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018023364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425265","display_name":"Significant difference","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.25189998745918274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.34867151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34867151","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34867151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.34867151.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34867151.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34867151.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.34867151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34867151","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34867151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4043000042438507,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3205443221","https://openalex.org/W1989874360","https://openalex.org/W2199921710","https://openalex.org/W1986144361","https://openalex.org/W4406983102","https://openalex.org/W4387799137","https://openalex.org/W2791151836","https://openalex.org/W2320502177","https://openalex.org/W1548264328","https://openalex.org/W4309627408"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Life-history":[0],"theory":[1],"predicts":[2],"a":[3,37,96,121,130],"trade-off":[4],"between":[5,78],"reproduction":[6],"and":[7,44,57,65,80,111,178,184,190],"longevity.":[8,52],"Castration":[9],"has":[10],"been":[11],"proposed":[12],"to":[13],"extend":[14],"male":[15],"lifespan":[16],"by":[17,187],"reducing":[18],"androgen-related":[19],"costs,":[20],"but":[21,132],"evidence":[22],"from":[23,60],"human":[24],"populations":[25],"remains":[26],"limited.":[27],"This":[28],"study":[29],"examined":[30],"whether":[31,45],"eunuchs":[32,56,79,101,128],"in":[33,149,161,174],"imperial":[34],"China":[35],"had":[36],"survival":[38,170],"advantage":[39,135],"over":[40,136],"comparable":[41],"non-castrated":[42,58],"men":[43],"earlier-life":[46],"castration":[47,173],"was":[48,147],"associated":[49],"with":[50,102,114],"greater":[51,159],"Biographical":[53],"records":[54],"of":[55,98,172],"bureaucrats":[59,81,137],"the":[61,150,163],"Tang":[62,127],"(618\u2013907":[63],"CE)":[64,68],"Ming":[66,100,151],"(1368\u20131644":[67],"dynasties":[69],"were":[70,185],"analysed.":[71],"Hypothesis":[72,93],"1":[73],"compared":[74],"age":[75,103,115,124],"at":[76,104,116,125],"death":[77],"within":[82],"each":[83],"dynasty":[84],"using":[85,107],"bootstrapped":[86],"regression":[87,110,165],"models":[88],"controlling":[89],"for":[90,123],"birth":[91],"year.":[92],"2":[94],"analysed":[95],"subset":[97],"160":[99],"court":[105,117,154],"entry,":[106],"both":[108],"linear":[109,164],"puberty-threshold":[112,167],"models,":[113],"entry":[118,155],"used":[119],"as":[120],"proxy":[122],"castration.":[126],"showed":[129],"modest":[131,177],"statistically":[133],"significant":[134,145],"(+3.02":[138],"years,":[139],"p":[140],"=":[141],"0.005),":[142],"whereas":[143],"no":[144],"difference":[146],"observed":[148],"sample.":[152],"Earlier":[153],"did":[156],"not":[157],"predict":[158],"longevity":[160],"either":[162],"or":[166],"models.":[168],"The":[169],"effects":[171],"humans":[175],"appeared":[176],"context-dependent":[179],"rather":[180],"than":[181],"uniformly":[182],"beneficial":[183],"shaped":[186],"broader":[188],"biosocial":[189],"mortality":[191],"conditions.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2026-10-31T00:00:00"}