{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224853337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/thermo6040080","title":"Mathematical Model of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Miniature Heat Pipe with Sintered\u2013Grooved Wick with Empirical Correlation of Evaporation Rate from Wick Surface","display_name":"Mathematical Model of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Miniature Heat Pipe with Sintered\u2013Grooved Wick with Empirical Correlation of Evaporation Rate from Wick Surface","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224853337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/thermo6040080"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/thermo6040080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/thermo6040080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/thermo6040080","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210186816","display_name":"Thermo","issn_l":"2673-7264","issn":["2673-7264"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Thermo","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/thermo6040080","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150132809","display_name":"Wanchai Pileug","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5098-6910","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5098-6910"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48076826","display_name":"Chiang Mai University","ror":"https://ror.org/05m2fqn25","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48076826"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanchai Pileug","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heat Pipe and Heat Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5098-6910","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heat Pipe and Heat Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48076826"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012186714","display_name":"Phrut Sakulchangsatjatai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3698-7065","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3698-7065"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48076826","display_name":"Chiang Mai University","ror":"https://ror.org/05m2fqn25","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48076826"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Phrut Sakulchangsatjatai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heat Pipe and Heat Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heat Pipe and Heat Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48076826"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050181733","display_name":"Niti Kammuang-lue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4893-3817","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4893-3817"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48076826","display_name":"Chiang Mai University","ror":"https://ror.org/05m2fqn25","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48076826"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niti Kammuang-lue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heat Pipe and Heat Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heat Pipe and Heat Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48076826"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063845774","display_name":"Ramnarong Wanison","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5078-9893","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5078-9893"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48076826","display_name":"Chiang Mai University","ror":"https://ror.org/05m2fqn25","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48076826"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramnarong Wanison","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heat Pipe and Heat Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heat Pipe and Heat Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48076826"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073527056","display_name":"Pradit Terdtoon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48076826","display_name":"Chiang Mai University","ror":"https://ror.org/05m2fqn25","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48076826"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pradit Terdtoon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heat Pipe and Heat Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heat Pipe and Heat Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48076826"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012186714"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48076826"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74252469,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"4","first_page":"80","last_page":"80"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10850","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Boiling Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10850","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Boiling Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10998","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Optimization","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11774","display_name":"Adsorption and Cooling Systems","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/miniature-heat-pipes","display_name":"miniature heat pipes","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evaporation-rate","display_name":"evaporation rate","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-relationships","display_name":"empirical correlations","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wick-porosity","display_name":"wick porosity","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-resistance","display_name":"thermal resistance","score":0.5149999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capillary-wick","display_name":"capillary wick","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-cooling","display_name":"electronics cooling","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-as-working-fluid","display_name":"water working fluid","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/three-dimensional-numerical-modeling","display_name":"three-dimensional numerical model","score":0.6060000061988831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7221999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61441594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132814","display_name":"Evaporation","level":2,"score":0.661300003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50517652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179635","display_name":"Heat transfer","level":2,"score":0.6316999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.5835999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37728375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600568","display_name":"Heat pipe","level":3,"score":0.5745000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779301550","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217236","display_name":"Working fluid","level":2,"score":0.5407000184059143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6648577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622669","display_name":"Porosity","level":2,"score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.4763999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29700514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q634340","display_name":"Heat transfer coefficient","level":3,"score":0.4666999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779429693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274959","display_name":"Distilled water","level":2,"score":0.4359000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196806460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188603","display_name":"Capillary action","level":2,"score":0.4309000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.3799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186937647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1796959","display_name":"Heat sink","level":2,"score":0.3635999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.358599990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544778455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753","display_name":"Copper","level":2,"score":0.3294000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107706546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189124","display_name":"Heat exchanger","level":2,"score":0.31520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105569014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3271208","display_name":"Porous medium","level":3,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32375409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q261231","display_name":"Plate heat exchanger","level":3,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159188206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478382","display_name":"Heat flux","level":3,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48632124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q617088","display_name":"Heat spreader","level":3,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/thermo6040080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/thermo6040080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/thermo6040080","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210186816","display_name":"Thermo","issn_l":"2673-7264","issn":["2673-7264"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Thermo","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/thermo6040080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/thermo6040080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/thermo6040080","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210186816","display_name":"Thermo","issn_l":"2673-7264","issn":["2673-7264"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Thermo","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322614","display_name":"Thailand Research Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/03gd1bh37"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967955736","https://openalex.org/W1998034620","https://openalex.org/W2015564939","https://openalex.org/W2016609737","https://openalex.org/W2036133030","https://openalex.org/W2046793900","https://openalex.org/W2066331142","https://openalex.org/W2074861323","https://openalex.org/W2075760395","https://openalex.org/W2093475384","https://openalex.org/W2100733066","https://openalex.org/W2114355122","https://openalex.org/W2170303828","https://openalex.org/W2311700428","https://openalex.org/W2322266563","https://openalex.org/W2887266773","https://openalex.org/W2895818760","https://openalex.org/W2896128655","https://openalex.org/W3022118546","https://openalex.org/W3164024664","https://openalex.org/W3194780707","https://openalex.org/W3196466930","https://openalex.org/W4229019875","https://openalex.org/W4312182187","https://openalex.org/W4378673908","https://openalex.org/W4406917872","https://openalex.org/W7141049607","https://openalex.org/W7208805728"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7100646863","https://openalex.org/W2050136427","https://openalex.org/W3038353221","https://openalex.org/W4378673908","https://openalex.org/W2085848352","https://openalex.org/W2052835058","https://openalex.org/W2169448699","https://openalex.org/W3194780707","https://openalex.org/W2100968932","https://openalex.org/W2137751937"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"prediction":[1],"of":[2,6,21,31,37,74,91,125,135,161,168,203,206,315],"the":[3,17,29,35,51,70,87,123,126,129,136,166,175,183,197,210,218,236,285,298,312],"thermal":[4,269,313],"performance":[5,314],"bent":[7],"and":[8,59,171,238,255,305],"flattened":[9],"miniature":[10,76,259,318],"heat":[11,71,77,81,147,169,184,260,265,299,319],"pipes":[12,78,261,320],"remains":[13],"challenging":[14],"due":[15],"to":[16,44,68,98,112,132,164,188,215,243,263],"complex":[18],"evaporation":[19,32,52,134,176,198,219],"behavior":[20],"working":[22,137,141],"fluids":[23],"within":[24,248,276],"porous":[25],"wick":[26,39,57,96,103,127,172,211,250],"structures,":[27],"especially":[28],"calculation":[30],"rate":[33,53,220],"from":[34,54,122,156,186,213],"surface":[36],"different":[38],"structures.":[40],"This":[41],"study":[42],"aims":[43],"experimentally":[45],"develop":[46],"an":[47,192,293],"empirical":[48,224],"correlation":[49,225],"for":[50,245,310],"a":[55,63,92,99,152,201,230,277,307],"sintered\u2013grooved":[56,94],"structure":[58,104],"employ":[60],"it":[61],"in":[62,151,196,229,258,296,321],"three-dimensional":[64],"(3D)":[65],"mathematical":[66],"model":[67,233],"predict":[69],"transfer":[72,300],"characteristics":[73],"flattened-bent":[75],"with":[79,86,110,159,200,273],"two":[80,264],"sources.":[82,266],"Experiments":[83],"were":[84],"conducted":[85],"test":[88],"rig":[89],"consisting":[90],"composite":[93],"copper":[95,107],"attached":[97],"heater":[100,130],"block.":[101],"The":[102,139,146,178,223,267],"comprised":[105],"sintered":[106],"powder":[108],"combined":[109],"grooves":[111],"facilitate":[113],"liquid":[114],"transport":[115],"through":[116,128],"capillary":[117],"action.":[118],"Heat":[119],"was":[120,143,149,226],"supplied":[121],"bottom":[124],"block":[131],"promote":[133],"fluid.":[138],"chosen":[140],"fluid":[142],"distilled":[144],"water.":[145],"input":[148,170,185],"increased":[150],"stepwise":[153],"manner,":[154],"starting":[155],"5":[157,162,187],"W":[158,190],"increments":[160],"W,":[163],"investigate":[165],"effects":[167],"porosity":[173,212],"on":[174,235],"rate.":[177],"results":[179],"showed":[180],"that":[181,284],"increasing":[182,209],"15":[189],"produced":[191],"approximately":[193],"linear":[194],"increase":[195],"rate,":[199],"coefficient":[202],"determination":[204],"(R2)":[205],"0.9669.":[207],"Further":[208],"0.61":[214],"1.00":[216],"enhanced":[217],"by":[221,253],"11.9%.":[222],"subsequently":[227],"employed":[228],"3D":[231,287],"numerical":[232],"based":[234],"Receding":[237],"Excess":[239],"Fluid":[240],"(REF)":[241],"concept":[242],"account":[244],"working-fluid":[246],"redistribution":[247],"deformed":[249,317],"structures":[251],"caused":[252],"bending":[254],"flattening":[256],"used":[257],"subjected":[262],"predicted":[268],"resistances":[270],"agreed":[271],"well":[272],"experimental":[274],"measurements":[275],"\u00b17.43%":[278],"accuracy":[279,304],"range.":[280],"These":[281],"findings":[282],"show":[283],"proposed":[286],"modeling":[288],"can":[289],"be":[290],"utilized":[291],"as":[292],"effective":[294],"tool":[295],"predicting":[297],"characteristics,":[301],"enhancing":[302],"predictive":[303],"providing":[306],"useful":[308],"approach":[309],"evaluating":[311],"geometrically":[316],"compact":[322],"electronic":[323],"cooling":[324],"applications.":[325]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2026-10-31T00:00:00"}