{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224829259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2026.8.11.4","title":"Criminal Liability for Trademark Counterfeiting in the Digital Environment: A Comparative Study","display_name":"Criminal Liability for Trademark Counterfeiting in the Digital Environment: A Comparative Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224829259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2026.8.11.4"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.32996/jhsss.2026.8.11.4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2026.8.11.4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2026.8.11.4","pdf_url":"https://al-kindipublisher.com/index.php/jhsss/article/download/13753/12492","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181607","display_name":"Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies","issn_l":"2663-7197","issn":["2663-7197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4365383729","host_organization_name":"Al-Kindi Center for Research and Development","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4365383729"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Al-Kindi Center for Research and Development"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://al-kindipublisher.com/index.php/jhsss/article/download/13753/12492","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160206293","display_name":"Lubna Saeed Musa Ouda","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132651366","display_name":"World Islamic Sciences and Education University","ror":"https://ror.org/051mkwn17","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132651366"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lubna Saeed Musa Ouda","raw_affiliation_strings":["The World Islamic Sciences and Education University, Amman, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The World Islamic Sciences and Education University, Amman, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132651366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160206293"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132651366"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96597886,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"11","first_page":"42","last_page":"55"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13842","display_name":"Intellectual Property Law","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13842","display_name":"Intellectual Property Law","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.003000000026077032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trademark-counterfeiting","display_name":"trademark counterfeiting","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-liability","display_name":"criminal liability","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trademark-infringement","display_name":"trademark infringement","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unfair-competition-law","display_name":"unfair competition law","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine-manipulation","display_name":"search engine manipulation","score":0.3919999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-names","display_name":"domain names","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-advertising","display_name":"online advertising","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-trademark-law","display_name":"comparative trademark law","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-gaps","display_name":"legislative gaps","score":0.42100000381469727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779027411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167270","display_name":"Trademark","level":2,"score":0.6355000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34974158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131257","display_name":"Intellectual property","level":2,"score":0.5254999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.49869999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126388530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131737","display_name":"Imitation","level":2,"score":0.48910000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.45570001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202565627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146491","display_name":"Criminal law","level":2,"score":0.45509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777834853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96776939","display_name":"Liability","level":2,"score":0.44350001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199286143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1404417","display_name":"Legal liability","level":3,"score":0.41909998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59149807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q705497","display_name":"Strict liability","level":3,"score":0.40470001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.384799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19776675","display_name":"Commit","level":2,"score":0.3815999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779390178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29137","display_name":"Cybercrime","level":3,"score":0.37630000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992398822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1404417","display_name":"Criminal liability","level":3,"score":0.36329999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3594000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522695570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6517578","display_name":"Legal research","level":2,"score":0.3497999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.3301999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83009810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11204","display_name":"Legislature","level":2,"score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779776346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647578","display_name":"Copyright infringement","level":3,"score":0.32190001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779029474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49094488","display_name":"Legal certainty","level":2,"score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120101462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q518105","display_name":"Comparative advertising","level":2,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117660856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1964968","display_name":"Criminal investigation","level":2,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777582869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753379","display_name":"Digital Millennium Copyright Act","level":4,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200635333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158970","display_name":"Tort","level":3,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776266046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3401418","display_name":"Unfair competition","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158129432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7766927","display_name":"Statutory law","level":2,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.32996/jhsss.2026.8.11.4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2026.8.11.4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2026.8.11.4","pdf_url":"https://al-kindipublisher.com/index.php/jhsss/article/download/13753/12492","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181607","display_name":"Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies","issn_l":"2663-7197","issn":["2663-7197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4365383729","host_organization_name":"Al-Kindi Center for Research and Development","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4365383729"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Al-Kindi Center for Research and Development"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.32996/jhsss.2026.8.11.4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2026.8.11.4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2026.8.11.4","pdf_url":"https://al-kindipublisher.com/index.php/jhsss/article/download/13753/12492","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181607","display_name":"Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies","issn_l":"2663-7197","issn":["2663-7197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4365383729","host_organization_name":"Al-Kindi Center for Research and Development","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4365383729"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Al-Kindi Center for Research and Development"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9595999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224829259.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224829259.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4407814449","https://openalex.org/W7119539143","https://openalex.org/W3194301811","https://openalex.org/W4416096159","https://openalex.org/W3125584795","https://openalex.org/W4391219577","https://openalex.org/W2564618338","https://openalex.org/W7139816389","https://openalex.org/W7218956636","https://openalex.org/W4386193475"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,121],"study":[1,153,211,268],"aims":[2],"to":[3,18,22,50,143,158,178,223,238,242,315],"clarify":[4,159],"the":[5,12,20,35,44,59,62,69,76,79,87,96,99,102,105,113,118,125,131,137,149,155,160,167,175,180,193,214,230,243,271,279,292,317,323,330,337],"legal":[6,63,126,161,183,239],"basis":[7,64],"of":[8,14,28,31,40,46,65,71,78,90,101,104,128,133,139,169,206,226,245,250,253,284,296,325,332],"criminal":[9,66,134,140,164,216],"liability":[10,67,165],"for":[11,68,166],"imitation":[13,70,168,220,295],"digital":[15,36,72,150,170,231,254,265,289,305],"trademarks":[16,171],"and":[17,43,109,117,136,146,172,185,189,192,247,264,307],"examine":[19],"extent":[21],"which":[23],"Jordanian":[24,80,106,182,272],"legislation":[25],"is":[26,313],"capable":[27],"accommodating":[29],"forms":[30,225,252,283],"trademark":[32,219,285,298,338],"infringement":[33,227,286],"in":[34,38,58,83,98,148,229,299],"environment,":[37],"light":[39],"technological":[41,88],"developments":[42],"diversity":[45],"electronic":[47,308],"means":[48],"used":[49],"commit":[51],"such":[52,91,129,311],"acts.":[53],"The":[54,152,210,267],"research":[55],"problem":[56],"lies":[57],"ambiguity":[60],"surrounding":[61],"trademarks,":[73],"resulting":[74],"from":[75],"inadequacy":[77],"Trademarks":[81,280],"Law":[82,281],"keeping":[84],"pace":[85],"with":[86,336],"nature":[89],"acts,":[92,130],"as":[93,95],"well":[94],"overlap":[97],"application":[100,235],"provisions":[103,184,217],"Unfair":[107],"Competition":[108],"Trade":[110],"Secrets":[111],"Law,":[112,116],"Economic":[114],"Crimes":[115],"Cybercrime":[119],"Law.":[120],"raises":[122],"issues":[123],"concerning":[124],"characterization":[127],"scope":[132],"liability,":[135],"effectiveness":[138],"protection":[141],"afforded":[142],"economic":[144],"interests":[145],"trust":[147],"environment.":[151],"adopts":[154],"descriptive":[156],"approach":[157,177,195],"framework":[162],"governing":[163,218],"its":[173],"effects,":[174],"analytical":[176],"analyze":[179],"relevant":[181],"assess":[186],"their":[187,234],"adequacy":[188],"legislative":[190],"shortcomings,":[191],"comparative":[194],"by":[196],"drawing":[197],"on":[198,208],"UAE":[199],"legislation,":[200],"particularly":[201,256,291],"Federal":[202],"Decree-Law":[203],"No.":[204],"(36)":[205],"2021":[207],"Trademarks.":[209],"concludes":[212],"that":[213,270],"traditional":[215],"may":[221],"extend":[222],"certain":[224,251],"committed":[228,258,287],"environment;":[232],"however,":[233],"remains":[236],"subject":[237],"difficulties":[240],"due":[241],"absence":[244],"explicit":[246,276],"comprehensive":[248],"regulation":[249],"imitation,":[255],"infringements":[257],"through":[259,288],"domain":[260,300],"names,":[261,301],"search":[262,303],"engines,":[263,304],"platforms.":[266],"recommends":[269],"legislator":[273],"introduce":[274],"an":[275],"provision":[277],"into":[278],"criminalizing":[282],"means,":[290],"use":[293,312],"or":[294,319,327,329],"a":[297,333],"websites,":[302],"advertisements,":[306],"platforms,":[309],"where":[310],"likely":[314],"mislead":[316],"public":[318],"create":[320],"confusion":[321],"regarding":[322],"source":[324],"goods":[326],"services":[328],"existence":[331],"commercial":[334],"connection":[335],"owner.":[339]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2026-10-31T00:00:00"}