{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224780266","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11290848/v1","title":"Development and pilot temporal validation of the PREST score for predicting non-response to intravenous glucocorticoids in active moderate-to-severe thyroid eye disease: a retrospective cohort study","display_name":"Development and pilot temporal validation of the PREST score for predicting non-response to intravenous glucocorticoids in active moderate-to-severe thyroid eye disease: a retrospective cohort study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224780266","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11290848/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11290848/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11290848/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11290848/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11290848/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11290848/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160187528","display_name":"Seunggeun Kim","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87111246","display_name":"Catholic University of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01fpnj063","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87111246"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seunggeun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Catholic University of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Catholic University of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87111246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136081034","display_name":"Jungyul Park","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160144","display_name":"The Catholic University of Korea Seoul St. Mary's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/056cn0e37","country_code":"KR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160144","https://openalex.org/I4405260414","https://openalex.org/I87111246"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jungyul Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Catholic University of Korea Seoul St. Mary's Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Catholic University of Korea Seoul St. Mary's Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160144"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152468180","display_name":"Suk-Woo Yang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160144","display_name":"The Catholic University of Korea Seoul St. Mary's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/056cn0e37","country_code":"KR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160144","https://openalex.org/I4405260414","https://openalex.org/I87111246"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suk-Woo Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Catholic University of Korea Seoul St. Mary's Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Catholic University of Korea Seoul St. Mary's Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160144"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11538","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Eye Disorders","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11538","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Eye Disorders","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11271","display_name":"Myasthenia Gravis and Thymoma","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10293","display_name":"Thyroid Disorders and Treatments","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graves-ophthalmopathy","display_name":"Graves' ophthalmopathy","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intravenous-glucocorticoids","display_name":"intravenous glucocorticoids","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methylprednisolone","display_name":"methylprednisolone","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tsh-receptor-antibodies","display_name":"TSH receptor antibodies","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thyroid-stimulating-antibodies","display_name":"thyroid-stimulating antibodies","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proptosis","display_name":"proptosis","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-activity-score","display_name":"clinical activity score","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prognostic-score","display_name":"prognostic score","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-escalation","display_name":"treatment escalation","score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asian-patients","display_name":"Asian patients","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning-comparison","display_name":"machine learning comparison","score":0.515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-validation","display_name":"temporal validation","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-calibration-and-discrimination","display_name":"discrimination and calibration","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-curve-analysis","display_name":"decision curve analysis","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brier-score","display_name":"Brier score","score":0.6259999871253967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8518000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.6542999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.6031000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.5774000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5697000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.5325000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35405484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4967066","display_name":"Brier score","level":2,"score":0.5249000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526584372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16399","display_name":"Thyroid","level":2,"score":0.4138999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.39989998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.3589000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76318530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16833590","display_name":"Area under the curve","level":2,"score":0.3562000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198433322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3910099","display_name":"Predictive value of tests","level":2,"score":0.31360000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203092338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1340863","display_name":"Clinical endpoint","level":3,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780372218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417222","display_name":"Methylprednisolone","level":2,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778840127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q712838","display_name":"Thyroid function tests","level":3,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141341695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2368661","display_name":"Surrogate endpoint","level":2,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776715498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11426176","display_name":"Prednisolone","level":2,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778129406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2507454","display_name":"Adrenal insufficiency","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188816634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2113324","display_name":"Prospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11290848/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11290848/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11290848/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11290848/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11290848/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11290848/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11290848/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11290848/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224780266.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224780266.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987963129","https://openalex.org/W2019694480","https://openalex.org/W2052463348","https://openalex.org/W2089992103","https://openalex.org/W2099402970","https://openalex.org/W2786016821","https://openalex.org/W2794967904","https://openalex.org/W2890901163","https://openalex.org/W3001519864","https://openalex.org/W3023672030","https://openalex.org/W3045268512","https://openalex.org/W3186410608","https://openalex.org/W4240137178","https://openalex.org/W4246035014","https://openalex.org/W4310875651","https://openalex.org/W4318269977","https://openalex.org/W4318708284","https://openalex.org/W4362639775","https://openalex.org/W4378782279","https://openalex.org/W4387530297","https://openalex.org/W4389309847","https://openalex.org/W4400349566","https://openalex.org/W4401890515","https://openalex.org/W4402580837","https://openalex.org/W4405431740","https://openalex.org/W4407358043","https://openalex.org/W4408167860","https://openalex.org/W4410023254","https://openalex.org/W4412647928","https://openalex.org/W4414138547","https://openalex.org/W4414661911"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2794967904","https://openalex.org/W4406809209","https://openalex.org/W7204800498","https://openalex.org/W4412647928","https://openalex.org/W4408167860","https://openalex.org/W4400349566","https://openalex.org/W7154467535","https://openalex.org/W7147515918","https://openalex.org/W4402675742","https://openalex.org/W4412570442"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Intravenous":[2],"glucocorticoids":[3,322],"are":[4],"the":[5,133,149,167,176,273,316],"first-line":[6],"treatment":[7,103],"for":[8,105,185,194,202,210,279,285,290],"active":[9,58],"moderate-to-severe":[10,64],"thyroid":[11,65],"eye":[12,66],"disease,":[13],"but":[14],"20%":[15],"to":[16,34,46,127,269,283,320],"60%":[17],"of":[18,72,115,162,172,233,266,281,318],"patients":[19,164],"respond":[20],"inadequately,":[21],"and":[22,36,89,125,142,148,170,207,225,237,241,245,247,256,312],"lower":[23],"response":[24,117,274],"rates":[25],"have":[26],"been":[27],"reported":[28],"in":[29,111,160,166,175,223,228,243,249,301,323,329],"Asian":[30],"cohorts.":[31],"We":[32],"aimed":[33],"develop":[35],"pilot-validate":[37],"a":[38,82,90,231],"simple":[39],"score":[40,61,150,181,197,253,306],"based":[41,307],"on":[42,308],"routine":[43],"baseline":[44],"measures":[45,314],"predict":[47],"non-response.":[48],"Methods":[49],"In":[50,271],"this":[51,324],"retrospective":[52],"single-center":[53,325],"cohort":[54,84,93,169],"study,":[55],"adults":[56],"with":[57,122,153],"(clinical":[59],"activity":[60,196],"\u2265":[62,189,198,204,213,287],"3)":[63],"disease":[67],"who":[68],"completed":[69],"12":[70],"weeks":[71],"intravenous":[73,321],"methylprednisolone":[74],"(cumulative":[75],"dose":[76],"4.5":[77],"g)":[78],"were":[79,120,146,239],"divided":[80],"into":[81],"development":[83,168,224,244],"(2016\u20132020;":[85],"n":[86,95],"=":[87,96],"89)":[88],"temporal":[91],"validation":[92,177],"(2021\u20132024;":[94],"24).":[97],"Non-response":[98,158],"was":[99,151,217,254],"defined":[100],"as":[101],"early":[102],"escalation":[104],"predefined":[106],"clinical":[107,195,336],"reasons":[108],"or":[109],"improvement":[110],"fewer":[112],"than":[113,299],"two":[114],"five":[116,154],"components.":[118],"Predictors":[119],"selected":[121],"logistic":[123],"regression":[124],"converted":[126],"integer":[128],"points.":[129],"Discrimination":[130],"(area":[131],"under":[132],"receiver":[134],"operating":[135],"characteristic":[136],"curve,":[137],"AUC),":[138],"calibration":[139],"(Brier":[140],"score),":[141],"decision":[143,257],"curve":[144,258],"analysis":[145,259],"assessed,":[147],"compared":[152],"machine-learning":[155],"classifiers.":[156],"Results":[157],"occurred":[159],"19":[161,205],"89":[163],"(21.3%)":[165],"6":[171,234],"24":[173],"(25.0%)":[174],"cohort.":[178],"The":[179,215,251],"PREST":[180,300],"assigned":[182],"3":[183],"points":[184,193,201],"thyrotropin":[186],"receptor":[187],"antibody":[188],"4.59":[190],"IU/L,":[191],"2":[192,200],"4,":[199],"proptosis":[203],"mm,":[206],"1":[208],"point":[209],"thyroid-stimulating":[211],"immunoglobulin":[212],"406%.":[214],"AUC":[216],"0.809":[218],"(95%":[219],"confidence":[220],"interval":[221],"0.696\u20130.909)":[222],"0.870":[226],"(0.721\u20130.974)":[227],"validation.":[229,250,302],"At":[230],"cutoff":[232],"points,":[235],"sensitivity":[236],"specificity":[238],"73.7%":[240],"74.3%":[242],"66.7%":[246],"77.8%":[248],"Brier":[252],"0.159,":[255],"showed":[260],"net":[261],"benefit":[262],"at":[263],"threshold":[264],"probabilities":[265],"about":[267],"10%":[268],"20%.":[270],"development,":[272],"rate":[275],"fell":[276],"from":[277],"96.3%":[278],"scores":[280,286],"0\u20132":[282],"41.2%":[284],"7":[288],"(P":[289],"trend":[291],"<":[292],"0.001).":[293],"Machine-learning":[294],"models":[295],"discriminated":[296],"less":[297],"well":[298],"Conclusions":[303],"A":[304],"four-item":[305],"routinely":[309],"available":[310],"serologic":[311],"ophthalmic":[313],"stratified":[315],"risk":[317],"non-response":[319],"pilot":[326],"study.":[327],"Validation":[328],"larger":[330],"multicenter":[331],"cohorts":[332],"is":[333],"needed":[334],"before":[335],"use.":[337]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-31T00:00:00"}
