{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224776535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v76i6.13316","title":"Comparison of the Safety and Efficacy of Continuous Insulin Infusion Versus Intermittent Insulin Bolus in the Management of Hyperglycemia in Critically Ill Patients","display_name":"Comparison of the Safety and Efficacy of Continuous Insulin Infusion Versus Intermittent Insulin Bolus in the Management of Hyperglycemia in Critically Ill Patients","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224776535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v76i6.13316"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.51253/pafmj.v76i6.13316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v76i6.13316","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v76i6.13316","pdf_url":"https://www.pafmj.org/PAFMJ/article/download/13316/7949","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2739194844","display_name":"Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal","issn_l":"0030-9648","issn":["0030-9648","2411-8842"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319259","host_organization_name":"The Army Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The Army Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.pafmj.org/PAFMJ/article/download/13316/7949","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078930045","display_name":"Muhammad Rafi Ismail","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155929","display_name":"National University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj88f69","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155929"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Rafi Ismail","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of General Medicine, Combined Military Hospital Peshawar/National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of General Medicine, Combined Military Hospital Peshawar/National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155929"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014265311","display_name":"Wahaj Ul Hassan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155929","display_name":"National University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj88f69","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155929"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wahaj ul Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of General Medicine, Combined Military Hospital Peshawar/National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of General Medicine, Combined Military Hospital Peshawar/National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155929"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016018256","display_name":"Fuad Ahmad Siddiqi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800672702","display_name":"Combined Military Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05mya2w74","country_code":"PK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800672702"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155929","display_name":"National University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj88f69","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155929"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuad Ahmad Siddiqi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of General Medicine, Combined Military Hospital/National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of General Medicine, Combined Military Hospital/National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800672702","https://openalex.org/I4210155929"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139722210","display_name":"Dr Abid Sharif","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155929","display_name":"National University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj88f69","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155929"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abid Sharif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of General Medicine, Combined Military Hospital Peshawar/National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of General Medicine, Combined Military Hospital Peshawar/National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155929"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111260217","display_name":"Taimoor Ashraf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3100-2178","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3100-2178"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800672702","display_name":"Combined Military Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05mya2w74","country_code":"PK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800672702"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155929","display_name":"National University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj88f69","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155929"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taimoor Ashraf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, Combined Military Hospital Peshawar/National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Combined Military Hospital Peshawar/National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800672702","https://openalex.org/I4210155929"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005924846","display_name":"Fatima Masood","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155929","display_name":"National University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj88f69","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155929"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatima Masood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of General Medicine, Combined Military Hospital Peshawar/National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of General Medicine, Combined Military Hospital Peshawar/National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155929"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":7000,"currency":"PKR","value_usd":null},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85282392,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"76","issue":"6","first_page":"846","last_page":"850"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11623","display_name":"Hyperglycemia and glycemic control in critically ill and hospitalized patients","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11623","display_name":"Hyperglycemia and glycemic control in critically ill and hospitalized patients","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10867","display_name":"Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2706","display_name":"Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-insulin-infusion","display_name":"continuous insulin infusion","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperglycemia","display_name":"hyperglycemia","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critically-ill-patients","display_name":"critically ill patients","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycemic-control","display_name":"glycemic control","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensive-care-unit","display_name":"intensive care unit","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypoglycemia","display_name":"hypoglycemia","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycemic-variability","display_name":"glycemic variability","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/icu-length-of-stay","display_name":"ICU length of stay","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infection-risk","display_name":"infection risk","score":0.7620000243186951}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9706000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780668416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202758","display_name":"Hypoglycemia","level":3,"score":0.7720999717712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779306644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002370","display_name":"Insulin","level":2,"score":0.6991999745368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43376680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6580786","display_name":"Bolus (digestion)","level":2,"score":0.6545000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991859549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Critically ill","level":2,"score":0.649399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780473172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5572518","display_name":"Glycemic","level":3,"score":0.5497000217437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42219234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130","display_name":"Anesthesia","level":1,"score":0.5457000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018112808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640448","display_name":"Continuous infusion","level":2,"score":0.5065000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84393581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642","display_name":"Blood pressure","level":2,"score":0.41940000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987404301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care","level":2,"score":0.41760000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780485761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275157","display_name":"Blood sugar","level":3,"score":0.39340001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178853913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1642137","display_name":"Hemodynamics","level":2,"score":0.37630000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.36890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.36739999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779352459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6031679","display_name":"Infusion therapy","level":2,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81182388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353963","display_name":"Complication","level":2,"score":0.33399999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986379492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1638492","display_name":"Continuous glucose monitoring","level":4,"score":0.3021000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197934379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938","display_name":"Adverse effect","level":2,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779537118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618362","display_name":"Arterial blood","level":2,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776376669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5094647","display_name":"Intensive care unit","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.51253/pafmj.v76i6.13316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v76i6.13316","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v76i6.13316","pdf_url":"https://www.pafmj.org/PAFMJ/article/download/13316/7949","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2739194844","display_name":"Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal","issn_l":"0030-9648","issn":["0030-9648","2411-8842"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319259","host_organization_name":"The Army Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The Army Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pafmj.org:article/13316","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.pafmj.org/PAFMJ/article/view/13316","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2739194844","display_name":"Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal","issn_l":"0030-9648","issn":["0030-9648","2411-8842"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319259","host_organization_name":"The Army Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The Army Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"0030-9648","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:26af1e132bd6469dba410af845c9d673","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/26af1e132bd6469dba410af845c9d673","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal, Vol 76, Iss 6 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.51253/pafmj.v76i6.13316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v76i6.13316","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v76i6.13316","pdf_url":"https://www.pafmj.org/PAFMJ/article/download/13316/7949","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2739194844","display_name":"Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal","issn_l":"0030-9648","issn":["0030-9648","2411-8842"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319259","host_organization_name":"The Army Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The Army Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial","display_name":"Clinical Trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224776535.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224776535.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000752840","https://openalex.org/W2111532003","https://openalex.org/W2117344141","https://openalex.org/W2125347662","https://openalex.org/W2157775267","https://openalex.org/W3041005642","https://openalex.org/W3042270788","https://openalex.org/W3080099255","https://openalex.org/W3121056265","https://openalex.org/W3151007777","https://openalex.org/W3203103016","https://openalex.org/W4284885597","https://openalex.org/W4284991008","https://openalex.org/W4285155888","https://openalex.org/W4308185260","https://openalex.org/W4311263987","https://openalex.org/W4387849083"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2934245524","https://openalex.org/W2172222386","https://openalex.org/W130399423","https://openalex.org/W2793714421","https://openalex.org/W4312435898","https://openalex.org/W3194880564","https://openalex.org/W1969758069","https://openalex.org/W1489793481","https://openalex.org/W4396579137","https://openalex.org/W2046285033"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Objective:":[0],"To":[1],"compare":[2],"the":[3,85,156,171,185],"efficacy":[4],"and":[5,32,64,75,120,177,221,238],"safety":[6],"of":[7,34,40,53,58,140,205],"intravenous":[8],"continuous":[9],"Insulin":[10,15,229,245],"infusion":[11,230],"(CII)":[12],"versus":[13],"Intermittent":[14,244],"Bolus":[16,246],"(IIB)":[17],"in":[18,23,152,184,193,247],"managing":[19],"blood":[20,66,97,166],"glucose":[21,67,236],"levels":[22,168],"critically":[24,55,248],"ill":[25,56],"patients.":[26],"Study":[27],"Design:":[28],"Quasi-experimental":[29],"study.":[30],"Place":[31],"Duration":[33],"Study:":[35],"Intensive":[36],"care":[37,43,109],"units":[38],"(ICUs)":[39],"a":[41,202],"tertiary":[42],"hospital":[44],"from":[45],"Apr":[46],"to":[47,116,170,213,243],"Sep":[48],"2024.":[49],"Methodology:":[50],"A":[51],"total":[52],"70":[54],"patients":[57,79,91],"either":[59],"sex;":[60],"age":[61],"\u226518":[62],"years":[63],"capillary":[65],"\u2265180mg/dL":[68],"were":[69,110,114,125,148,181,191],"equally":[70],"distributed":[71],"into":[72],"CII":[73,160],"(Group-A)":[74,161],"IIB":[76,172],"(Group-B).":[77],"The":[78,138,159,175],"who":[80],"did":[81],"not":[82],"survive":[83],"within":[84],"first":[86],"48":[87],"hours,":[88],"pregnant":[89],"women,":[90],"with":[92,133],"hemodynamic":[93],"instability":[94],"(mean":[95],"arterial":[96],"pressure":[98],"<65":[99],"mmHg),":[100],"necessitating":[101],"renal":[102],"replacement":[103],"therapy":[104],"or":[105],"those":[106],"receiving":[107],"palliative":[108],"excluded.":[111],"Descriptive":[112],"statistics":[113],"used":[115],"calculate":[117],"percentage,":[118],"frequencies":[119],"Mean\u00b1SD.":[121],"Comparison":[122],"between":[123,155],"variables":[124],"made":[126],"by":[127],"applying":[128],"independent":[129],"sample":[130],"t-test":[131],"along":[132],"chi-square":[134],"test":[135],"for":[136],"categorical.":[137],"p-value":[139],"<0.05":[141],"was":[142,198],"considered":[143],"statistically":[144],"significant.":[145],"Results:":[146],"There":[147],"no":[149],"significant":[150,189],"differences":[151,190],"baseline":[153],"characteristics":[154],"two":[157],"groups.":[158],"achieved":[162],"significantly":[163,182],"lower":[164,183],"final":[165,178],"sugar":[167],"compared":[169,242],"(Group-B)":[173],"(p=0.04).":[174],"initial":[176],"insulin":[179],"doses":[180],"Group-A":[186,200],"(p<0.001).":[187],"No":[188],"observed":[192,199],"hypoglycemia":[194],"incidence":[195],"while":[196],"it":[197],"had":[201,218],"wider":[203],"spread":[204,220],"ICU":[206,224],"stay":[207],"durations,":[208],"including":[209],"longer":[210],"stays":[211],"up":[212],"7":[214],"days,":[215],"whereas":[216],"Group-B":[217],"shorter":[219],"more":[222],"concentrated":[223],"stays.":[225],"Conclusion:":[226],"Continuous":[227],"Intravenous":[228],"provides":[231],"superior":[232],"glycemic":[233],"control,":[234],"reduces":[235],"variability,":[237],"lowers":[239],"infection":[240],"risk":[241],"..":[249]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-31T00:00:00"}
