{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224769142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aebbd6","title":"Local leakage effects of establishing protected areas in multi-use forests","display_name":"Local leakage effects of establishing protected areas in multi-use forests","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224769142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aebbd6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aebbd6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aebbd6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aebbd6","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aebbd6/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S139338987","display_name":"Environmental Research Letters","issn_l":"1748-9326","issn":["1748-9326"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Research Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aebbd6/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017569025","display_name":"Frankie Hin Ting Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1369-4980","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1369-4980"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hin Ting Frankie Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queensland University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1369-4980","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queensland University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021131756","display_name":"Jonathan R. Rhodes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6746-7412","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6746-7412"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan R. Rhodes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queensland University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queensland University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033812756","display_name":"Martine Maron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5563-5789","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5563-5789"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martine Maron","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Queensland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Queensland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090897141","display_name":"Daniel Lunney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5771-0746","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5771-0746"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Lunney","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sydney"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sydney","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068429705","display_name":"Md Sayed Iftekhar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2827-2943","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2827-2943"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11701301","display_name":"Griffith University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sc3r913","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Sayed Iftekhar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Griffith University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Griffith University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160237266","display_name":"Allen Mcilwee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392021204","display_name":"NSW Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water","ror":"https://ror.org/038pwz535","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801351115","https://openalex.org/I4392021204"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allen Mcilwee","raw_affiliation_strings":["DCCEEW"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DCCEEW","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392021204"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052582039","display_name":"Brooke Anne Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0692-7507","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0692-7507"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78757542","display_name":"University of Newcastle Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/00eae9z71","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["AU","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brooke Anne Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Newcastle School of Environmental and Life Sciences"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0692-7507","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Newcastle School of Environmental and Life Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542","https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017569025"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"],"apc_list":{"value":3045,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3045},"apc_paid":{"value":3045,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3045},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79017795,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10319","display_name":"Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10319","display_name":"Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11753","display_name":"Forest Management and Policy","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13961","display_name":"Socioeconomics of Resources and Conservation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protected-area-establishment","display_name":"protected area establishment","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage-effects","display_name":"leakage effects","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-clearing","display_name":"forest clearing","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-parks","display_name":"national parks","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/area-based-conservation","display_name":"area-based conservation","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biodiversity-conservation","display_name":"biodiversity conservation","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-south-wales","display_name":"New South Wales","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"causal inference","score":0.5220000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134697681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1609677","display_name":"Clearing","level":2,"score":0.6704000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6003999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4763000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779223538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q473972","display_name":"Protected area","level":2,"score":0.45509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130217890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47041","display_name":"Biodiversity","level":2,"score":0.4404999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105289051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930094","display_name":"Pillar","level":2,"score":0.4027000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.3871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526734887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832237","display_name":"Environmental protection","level":1,"score":0.38510000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.374099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.35580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994246104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641498","display_name":"Biodiversity conservation","level":3,"score":0.32420000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.32359999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125620115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845249","display_name":"Logging","level":2,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781353100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1266974","display_name":"Thinning","level":2,"score":0.30709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780816530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372449","display_name":"Forest protection","level":3,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780495726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2186896","display_name":"Estate","level":2,"score":0.2596000134944916}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aebbd6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aebbd6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aebbd6","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aebbd6/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S139338987","display_name":"Environmental Research Letters","issn_l":"1748-9326","issn":["1748-9326"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Research Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aebbd6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aebbd6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aebbd6","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aebbd6/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S139338987","display_name":"Environmental Research Letters","issn_l":"1748-9326","issn":["1748-9326"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Research Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land"},{"score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4216318126","display_name":"Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water","ror":"https://ror.org/01db6n192"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224769142.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224769142.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4399052285"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2060554693","https://openalex.org/W4290964103","https://openalex.org/W2922492797","https://openalex.org/W3072692504","https://openalex.org/W2468954486","https://openalex.org/W2009550607","https://openalex.org/W2614427349","https://openalex.org/W4410045337","https://openalex.org/W3037387714","https://openalex.org/W2528528736"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Strengthening":[1],"protection":[2,191,206],"of":[3,34,66,91,113,137,144,232],"multi-use":[4,69,193,208],"lands":[5,209],"used":[6],"for":[7,14,181,219],"forestry":[8],"production":[9],"is":[10,215],"a":[11,52,63,216],"central":[12],"pillar":[13],"achieving":[15],"global":[16],"area-based":[17],"conservation":[18,182,198,212],"targets.":[19],"However,":[20,155],"there":[21,214],"are":[22],"concerns":[23],"that":[24,97,115,177,203,229],"this":[25,48],"can":[26,42,210],"lead":[27],"to":[28,38,56,148,183,222],"\u201cleakage\u201d":[29],"effects":[30,79,100,123,158],"or":[31],"the":[32,76,106,111,116,134,138,149,179],"displacement":[33],"resource":[35],"extraction":[36],"activities":[37,84,185],"unprotected":[39],"lands,":[40],"which":[41,61],"undermine":[43],"biodiversity":[44],"goals.":[45],"To":[46],"assess":[47],"risk,":[49],"we":[50],"applied":[51],"causal":[53],"inference":[54],"framework":[55],"New":[57],"South":[58],"Wales,":[59],"Australia,":[60],"has":[62],"long-running":[64],"program":[65,139],"converting":[67],"government-owned":[68],"land":[70,194],"into":[71],"protected":[72,118,168],"areas.":[73],"We":[74],"estimated":[75,157],"historical":[77],"leakage":[78,99,234],"arising":[80],"from":[81,88],"displaced":[82],"harvesting":[83],"and":[85,108,127,186,227],"isolated":[86],"them":[87],"other":[89],"drivers":[90],"forest":[92],"clearing.":[93],"Our":[94,200],"results":[95],"show":[96],"these":[98,156],"were":[101,124,146,159,170],"small":[102],"when":[103,141,166],"averaged":[104],"across":[105],"years":[107,136,164],"rarely":[109],"exceeded":[110],"amount":[112],"clearing":[114,129],"new":[117],"area":[119],"helped":[120],"avoid.":[121],"Leakage":[122],"statistically":[125],"significant":[126],"increased":[128],"in":[130,133,162],"nearby":[131],"areas":[132,169],"early":[135],"(2001),":[140],"large":[142],"amounts":[143],"forests":[145],"added":[147],"national":[150],"parks":[151],"estate":[152],"each":[153],"year.":[154],"much":[160],"smaller":[161],"later":[163],"(2006-2011)":[165],"fewer":[167],"created":[171],"annually.":[172],"Overall,":[173],"our":[174],"findings":[175,201],"suggest":[176],"despite":[178],"potential":[180],"shift":[184],"cause":[187],"local":[188,233],"leakage,":[189],"strengthening":[190,205],"on":[192,207],"still":[195],"delivered":[196],"net-positive":[197],"outcomes.":[199],"highlight":[202],"while":[204],"deliver":[211],"outcomes,":[213],"strong":[217],"need":[218],"similar":[220],"programmes":[221],"be":[223],"accompanied":[224],"by":[225],"monitoring":[226],"evaluation":[228],"includes":[230],"estimates":[231],"effects.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-31T00:00:00"}
