{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224763383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijoph-11-2025-0093","title":"Development and psychometric properties of the Prison Fellowship Good Citizenship Inventory (GCI): a values-based assessment for correctional settings","display_name":"Development and psychometric properties of the Prison Fellowship Good Citizenship Inventory (GCI): a values-based assessment for correctional settings","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224763383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijoph-11-2025-0093","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42958894"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/ijoph-11-2025-0093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijoph-11-2025-0093","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijoph-11-2025-0093","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4390296992","display_name":"International Journal of Prison Health","issn_l":"2977-0254","issn":["2977-0254","2977-0262"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["medline"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Prison Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029584823","display_name":"Michael D. Denhof","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4849-1628","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4849-1628"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Denhof","raw_affiliation_strings":["Prison Fellowship Department of Research and Evaluation, , Lansdowne, ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4849-1628","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Prison Fellowship Department of Research and Evaluation, , Lansdowne, ,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160215638","display_name":"Leigha Scott","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leigha Scott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Prison Fellowship Department of Research and Evaluation, , Lansdowne, ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Prison Fellowship Department of Research and Evaluation, , Lansdowne, ,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023280346","display_name":"Chelsea Elizabeth Bullard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0560-0657","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0560-0657"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chelsea Hunsucker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Prison Fellowship Department of Research and Evaluation, , Lansdowne, ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0560-0657","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Prison Fellowship Department of Research and Evaluation, , Lansdowne, ,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160214793","display_name":"Angela King","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5413-3577","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5413-3577"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angela King","raw_affiliation_strings":["Prison Fellowship Department of Research and Evaluation, , Lansdowne, ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5413-3577","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Prison Fellowship Department of Research and Evaluation, , Lansdowne, ,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160162501","display_name":"Theresa Ferry","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Theresa Ferry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Prison Fellowship Department of Research and Evaluation, , Lansdowne, ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Prison Fellowship Department of Research and Evaluation, , Lansdowne, ,","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029584823"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93539357,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.49950000643730164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.49950000643730164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.3043999969959259,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10565","display_name":"Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending","score":0.02810000069439411,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prosocial-values","display_name":"prosocial values","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/desistance-from-crime","display_name":"desistance from crime","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminogenic-risk-factors","display_name":"criminogenic risk factors","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-flourishing","display_name":"eudaimonia","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-well-being","display_name":"psychological well-being","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-invariance","display_name":"gender invariance","score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor-structure","display_name":"factor structure","score":0.5180000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prison-environment","display_name":"prison environment","score":0.4560000002384186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7928000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121244757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783487","display_name":"Convergent validity","level":4,"score":0.5181999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4747999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780656516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40357","display_name":"Prison","level":2,"score":0.47110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40722632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5160137","display_name":"Confirmatory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.4404999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.42340001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182050348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5186576","display_name":"Criterion validity","level":4,"score":0.41440001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172141706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307067","display_name":"Conscientiousness","level":5,"score":0.4059000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120107772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168554","display_name":"Discriminant validity","level":4,"score":0.38929998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.3813000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116211729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5372350","display_name":"Test validity","level":3,"score":0.3788999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198999979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5159115","display_name":"Concurrent validity","level":4,"score":0.36800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776090404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1420643","display_name":"Recidivism","level":2,"score":0.3637000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.3619000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.36000001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20685875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239678","display_name":"Predictive validity","level":2,"score":0.35589998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158608086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2990613","display_name":"Prosocial behavior","level":2,"score":0.3490999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174010058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7170643","display_name":"Personality Assessment Inventory","level":3,"score":0.33980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90963130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6015484","display_name":"Incremental validity","level":4,"score":0.33169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1589151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804207","display_name":"Measurement invariance","level":4,"score":0.3206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106906290","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140909","display_name":"Cronbach's alpha","level":3,"score":0.29319998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187288502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641118","display_name":"Personality","level":2,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170760736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380358","display_name":"Agreeableness","level":5,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191795146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3878446","display_name":"Norm (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49453240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1592163","display_name":"Construct validity","level":3,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70364389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18757","display_name":"Validity","level":3,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19875794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207340","display_name":"Item response theory","level":3,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778263599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1669245","display_name":"Item analysis","level":3,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174106493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057880","display_name":"External validity","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/ijoph-11-2025-0093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijoph-11-2025-0093","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijoph-11-2025-0093","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4390296992","display_name":"International Journal of Prison Health","issn_l":"2977-0254","issn":["2977-0254","2977-0262"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["medline"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Prison Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42958894","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42958894","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of prison health","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5473999977111816,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.46810001134872437,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W150374347","https://openalex.org/W1659828255","https://openalex.org/W1859960740","https://openalex.org/W1892615705","https://openalex.org/W1896027656","https://openalex.org/W1958843460","https://openalex.org/W1985442257","https://openalex.org/W1993453011","https://openalex.org/W2009954296","https://openalex.org/W2017883148","https://openalex.org/W2022790128","https://openalex.org/W2023999328","https://openalex.org/W2030110634","https://openalex.org/W2037755177","https://openalex.org/W2069613430","https://openalex.org/W2073396589","https://openalex.org/W2078129941","https://openalex.org/W2100315372","https://openalex.org/W2102228452","https://openalex.org/W2106171217","https://openalex.org/W2114710355","https://openalex.org/W2117012826","https://openalex.org/W2122851591","https://openalex.org/W2132352910","https://openalex.org/W2132460375","https://openalex.org/W2135613165","https://openalex.org/W2140239083","https://openalex.org/W2141674457","https://openalex.org/W2143592833","https://openalex.org/W2145563701","https://openalex.org/W2158800398","https://openalex.org/W2168210845","https://openalex.org/W2416283493","https://openalex.org/W2735244379","https://openalex.org/W2781799784","https://openalex.org/W2783385488","https://openalex.org/W2943409913","https://openalex.org/W3042540017","https://openalex.org/W3121715814","https://openalex.org/W3194307914","https://openalex.org/W3203268333","https://openalex.org/W4252755420","https://openalex.org/W4297983578","https://openalex.org/W4401210247","https://openalex.org/W4404612928","https://openalex.org/W7223116505"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2171508643","https://openalex.org/W1975638835","https://openalex.org/W2152258269","https://openalex.org/W2883216532","https://openalex.org/W3023149982","https://openalex.org/W2153504871","https://openalex.org/W2070973827","https://openalex.org/W2119981157","https://openalex.org/W7163649397","https://openalex.org/W21450865"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE:":[0],"This":[1,218],"study":[2],"aims":[3],"to":[4,24,46,66,84,226],"describe":[5],"the":[6,12,26,62,183],"development":[7],"and":[8,37,59,80,105,108,115,127,162,168,178,189,237],"psychometric":[9],"validation":[10],"of":[11,28],"Prison":[13],"Fellowship":[14],"Good":[15],"Citizenship":[16],"Inventory":[17],"(GCI),":[18],"a":[19,122,130,199,222],"values-based":[20,219],"assessment":[21,48,203,228],"instrument":[22],"designed":[23],"measure":[25],"internalization":[27],"six":[29],"prosocial":[30,187],"values":[31,188],"(Community,":[32],"Affirmation,":[33],"Productivity,":[34],"Restoration,":[35],"Responsibility":[36,126],"Integrity)":[38],"among":[39],"prison":[40],"program":[41,207],"participants":[42],"as":[43],"an":[44],"alternative":[45,225],"deficit-focused":[47],"approaches.":[49],"DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH:":[50],"Following":[51],"multistage":[52],"development,":[53],"including":[54],"item":[55],"drafting,":[56],"pilot":[57],"testing":[58,146],"expert":[60],"review,":[61],"GCI":[63,154,194],"was":[64],"administered":[65],"559":[67],"prisoners":[68],"across":[69,97,141,150],"five":[70],"state":[71],"correctional":[72,241],"facilities.":[73],"Psychometric":[74],"evaluation":[75],"used":[76],"principal":[77],"axis":[78],"factoring":[79],"confirmatory":[81],"factor":[82,86],"analysis":[83],"establish":[85],"structure,":[87],"with":[88,102,112,133,159,173,198,231],"additional":[89],"analyses":[90],"examining":[91],"internal":[92,135],"consistency":[93,136],"reliability,":[94],"factorial":[95],"invariance":[96,145],"gender,":[98],"convergent":[99,157],"validity":[100,110,158,170],"(correlations":[101],"responsibility,":[103],"conscientiousness":[104],"agreeableness":[106],"measures)":[107],"criterion":[109,169],"(associations":[111],"well-being,":[113],"flourishing":[114],"criminogenic":[116],"risk":[117],"factors).":[118],"FINDINGS:":[119],"Results":[120],"supported":[121],"five-factor":[123],"structure":[124],"combining":[125],"Integrity":[128],"into":[129],"single":[131],"dimension,":[132],"adequate":[134],"reliability":[137],"(a":[138],"=":[139,166],"0.66-0.86)":[140],"all":[142],"scales.":[143],"Factorial":[144],"confirmed":[147],"measurement":[148],"equivalence":[149],"gender":[151],"groups.":[152],"The":[153,193],"demonstrated":[155],"significant":[156],"established":[160],"personality":[161],"responsibility":[163],"measures":[164],"(r":[165],"0.42-0.57)":[167],"through":[171],"associations":[172],"human":[174],"flourishing,":[175],"psychological":[176],"well-being":[177],"reduced":[179],"antisocial":[180],"characteristics,":[181],"supporting":[182],"theorized":[184],"relationships":[185],"between":[186],"positive":[190,215],"outcomes.":[191],"ORIGINALITY/VALUE:":[192],"provides":[195],"corrections":[196],"professionals":[197],"psychometrically":[200],"sound,":[201],"strengths-based":[202],"tool":[204],"that":[205],"evaluates":[206],"effectiveness":[208],"beyond":[209],"traditional":[210],"recidivism":[211],"metrics":[212],"by":[213],"measuring":[214],"value":[216],"development.":[217],"approach":[220],"offers":[221],"theoretically":[223],"grounded":[224],"risk-focused":[227],"models,":[229],"aligning":[230],"emerging":[232],"research":[233],"on":[234],"strength-based":[235],"rehabilitation":[236],"desistance-focused":[238],"interventions":[239],"in":[240],"settings.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2026-10-31T00:00:00"}