{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224760069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110793","title":"Deformation Response Characteristics of Steel-Plate-Strengthened Shield Tunnel Linings and a Rapid Assessment Method for Strengthening Effectiveness","display_name":"Deformation Response Characteristics of Steel-Plate-Strengthened Shield Tunnel Linings and a Rapid Assessment Method for Strengthening Effectiveness","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224760069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110793"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app162110793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110793","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110793","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023588675","display_name":"\u674e\u5e86\u521a","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinggang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong Hi-Speed Infrastructure Construction Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, China","Shandong Hi-Speed South Ring Expressway Co., Ltd., Jinan 250003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Hi-Speed Infrastructure Construction Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Hi-Speed South Ring Expressway Co., Ltd., Jinan 250003, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110374788","display_name":"Sun Hao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sihaowensong Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042567394","display_name":"Yizhe Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6864-0395","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6864-0395"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yizhe Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong Hi-Speed Infrastructure Construction Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, China","Shandong Hi-Speed South Ring Expressway Co., Ltd., Jinan 250003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Hi-Speed Infrastructure Construction Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Hi-Speed South Ring Expressway Co., Ltd., Jinan 250003, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158924939","display_name":"Qiuchen Xu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiuchen Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong Hi-Speed Infrastructure Construction Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, China","Shandong Hi-Speed South Ring Expressway Co., Ltd., Jinan 250003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Hi-Speed Infrastructure Construction Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Hi-Speed South Ring Expressway Co., Ltd., Jinan 250003, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100764713","display_name":"Zijun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2717-5033","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2717-5033","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0964-0034","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5691-5072","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8915-8498","https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3017-6285"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zijun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong Hi-Speed Infrastructure Construction Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, China","Shandong Hi-Speed South Ring Expressway Co., Ltd., Jinan 250003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Hi-Speed Infrastructure Construction Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Hi-Speed South Ring Expressway Co., Ltd., Jinan 250003, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122316286","display_name":"Xuewei Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuewei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China","State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110374788"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80308815,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"21","first_page":"10793","last_page":"10793"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12233","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Underground Structures","score":0.7803000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12233","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Underground Structures","score":0.7803000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11046","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Analysis","score":0.04800000041723251,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12086","display_name":"Structural Integrity and Reliability Analysis","score":0.04520000144839287,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steel-plate-strengthening","display_name":"steel plate strengthening","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ovalization","display_name":"ovalization","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deformation-response","display_name":"deformation response","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-optimization","display_name":"Bayesian optimization","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"random forest","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xgboost","display_name":"XGBoost","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/1d-convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"1D convolutional neural network","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"support vector machine","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-simulation","display_name":"three-dimensional simulation","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deformation-control","display_name":"deformation control","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steel-plate-thickness","display_name":"steel plate thickness","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tensile-stress","display_name":"tensile stress","score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-life-extension","display_name":"service life extension","score":0.5350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/full-scale-model-testing","display_name":"full-scale model test","score":0.6019999980926514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151004103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113225","display_name":"Ovality","level":2,"score":0.8837000131607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138081364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852013","display_name":"Shield","level":2,"score":0.782800018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.6003000140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204366326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3027650","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.5181999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103208741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1675349","display_name":"Service life","level":2,"score":0.4124000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.398499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.35440000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.3402000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3312000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16910744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705759","display_name":"Test data","level":2,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.26919999718666077}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app162110793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110793","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app162110793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110793","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.8970999717712402}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4415956630","https://openalex.org/W4302774300","https://openalex.org/W7154469833","https://openalex.org/W3045140987","https://openalex.org/W4383892331","https://openalex.org/W4378650961","https://openalex.org/W3002423439","https://openalex.org/W4311403034","https://openalex.org/W2983953328","https://openalex.org/W2897597455"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"During":[0],"operation,":[1],"shield":[2,27,42,113,143,157,197,365,402],"tunnel":[3,28,43,114,144,158,198,366,403],"linings":[4,44,115,145,159,367],"commonly":[5],"develop":[6],"ovalization":[7],"and":[8,21,58,160,192,237,267,281,293,312,320,382],"cracking.":[9],"Steel-plate":[10],"strengthening":[11,35,62,119,163],"is":[12,64],"an":[13],"effective":[14],"measure":[15],"for":[16],"delaying":[17],"structural":[18,109],"performance":[19,194,287],"degradation":[20],"extending":[22],"the":[23,31,38,83,108,112,117,124,138,142,147,156,161,172,179,185,189,196,204,217,224,299,335,360,364,375,385,397,401,416,421],"service":[24],"life":[25],"of":[26,33,41,61,107,111,123,141,155,195,209,290,304,363,384,400],"linings.":[29,199,404],"However,":[30],"effects":[32],"steel-plate":[34,118,162],"parameters":[36,164],"on":[37,188,359,396,415,420],"deformation":[39,139,190],"response":[40,140,191],"are":[45],"not":[46,65],"yet":[47],"fully":[48],"understood.":[49],"The":[50,98,121,152,246,272,284,302,323,391],"associated":[51],"control":[52],"mechanisms":[53],"remain":[54],"unclear.":[55],"Moreover,":[56],"rapid":[57,75],"accurate":[59],"evaluation":[60,76],"effectiveness":[63],"achievable":[66],"with":[67,82,331],"existing":[68],"methods.":[69],"To":[70],"address":[71],"these":[72],"issues,":[73],"a":[74,256,262,268,347,411],"method":[77,101],"integrating":[78],"refined":[79,92],"numerical":[80,94,332],"simulation":[81,333],"Bayesian":[84,243],"optimization\u2013random":[85],"forest":[86,270],"(BO-RF)":[87],"model":[88,95,125,132,248,324],"was":[89,96,102,126,150,213,296,325,338,368,394,408],"proposed.":[90],"A":[91],"three-dimensional":[93],"established.":[97],"tracking":[99],"element":[100],"used":[103,166],"to":[104,170,230,346,410],"ensure":[105],"continuity":[106],"state":[110],"throughout":[116],"process.":[120],"reliability":[122],"verified":[127],"against":[128],"previously":[129],"reported":[130],"full-scale":[131],"test":[133],"results.":[134],"On":[135],"this":[136,222],"basis,":[137],"under":[146],"reference":[148],"load":[149],"predicted.":[151],"initial":[153,180],"ovality":[154,181],"were":[165,235,240,250,275,317,388],"as":[167,277],"input":[168],"variables":[169],"evaluate":[171],"deformation-control":[173,193,225],"performance.":[174],"Strengthening":[175],"time,":[176],"represented":[177],"by":[178,298,340],"before":[182],"strengthening,":[183],"had":[184,203],"greatest":[186],"influence":[187],"Steel":[200],"plate":[201,211,393],"thickness":[202],"second-greatest":[205],"influence,":[206],"whereas":[207],"that":[208,356],"steel":[210,376,392],"width":[212],"relatively":[214],"limited.":[215],"Within":[216],"parameter":[218],"range":[219],"investigated":[220],"in":[221,288,327,350],"study,":[223],"rate":[226],"ranged":[227],"from":[228],"16.53%":[229],"91.02%.":[231],"Four":[232],"prediction":[233,291],"models":[234,274],"constructed,":[236],"their":[238],"hyperparameters":[239],"optimized":[241],"using":[242],"optimization":[244],"(BO).":[245],"following":[247],"types":[249],"considered:":[251],"extreme":[252],"gradient":[253],"boosting":[254],"(XGBoost),":[255],"one-dimensional":[257],"convolutional":[258],"neural":[259],"network":[260],"(1D-CNN),":[261],"support":[263],"vector":[264],"machine":[265],"(SVM),":[266],"random":[269],"(RF).":[271],"corresponding":[273],"denoted":[276],"BO-XGBoost,":[278],"BO-1D-CNN,":[279],"BO-SVM,":[280],"BO-RF,":[282],"respectively.":[283,322],"best":[285],"overall":[286],"terms":[289],"accuracy":[292],"computational":[294,336,351],"efficiency":[295],"achieved":[297],"BO-RF":[300],"model.":[301],"coefficient":[303],"determination":[305],"(R2),":[306],"root":[307],"mean":[308,313],"square":[309],"error":[310,315],"(RMSE),":[311],"absolute":[314],"(MAE)":[316],"0.9817,":[318],"2.8704,":[319],"1.7669,":[321],"trained":[326],"206.6":[328],"s.":[329],"Compared":[330],"alone,":[334],"time":[337],"reduced":[339],"31.38":[341],"h.":[342],"This":[343],"reduction":[344,349],"corresponded":[345],"99.62%":[348],"time.":[352],"Mechanistic":[353],"analysis":[354],"showed":[355],"tensile":[357],"stress":[358,380],"inner":[361,398,417],"surface":[362,399],"redistributed":[369],"through":[370],"interfacial":[371],"force":[372],"transfer":[373],"at":[374],"plate-lining":[377],"interface.":[378],"Local":[379],"concentration":[381],"expansion":[383],"damage":[386,406],"zones":[387],"thereby":[389],"inhibited.":[390],"installed":[395],"Consequently,":[405],"evolution":[407],"suppressed":[409],"significantly":[412],"greater":[413],"extent":[414],"surfaces":[418],"than":[419],"outer":[422],"surfaces.":[423]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2026-10-31T00:00:00"}