{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224756244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20230448","title":"The Unequal Economic Consequences of Carbon Pricing","display_name":"The Unequal Economic Consequences of Carbon Pricing","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224756244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20230448"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1257/aer.20230448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20230448","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20230448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23254222","display_name":"American Economic Review","issn_l":"0002-8282","issn":["0002-8282","1944-7981"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315912","host_organization_name":"American Economic Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Economic Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Economic Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029764335","display_name":"Diego R. K\u00e4nzig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3481-8575","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3481-8575"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1279858714","display_name":"Center for Economic and Policy Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01vqjmx11","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1279858714"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Diego R. K\u00e4nzig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University, CEPR, and NBER (email: )"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University, CEPR, and NBER (email: )","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921","https://openalex.org/I1279858714"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029764335"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921","https://openalex.org/I1279858714"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87436781,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"116","issue":"11","first_page":"4003","last_page":"4040"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12617","display_name":"Energy, Environment, and Transportation Policies","score":0.00930000003427267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11059","display_name":"Market Dynamics and Volatility","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-pricing","display_name":"carbon pricing","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-carbon-market","display_name":"European carbon market","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-prices","display_name":"energy prices","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emissions-reduction","display_name":"emission reduction","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/green-innovation","display_name":"green innovation","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-activity","display_name":"economic activity","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-welfare","display_name":"household welfare","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-loss","display_name":"income loss","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employment-effects","display_name":"employment effects","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-equilibrium-effects","display_name":"general equilibrium effects","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumption-response","display_name":"consumption response","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributional-effects","display_name":"distributional effects","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-policy","display_name":"climate policy","score":0.44600000977516174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.7468000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781300812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178061","display_name":"Shock (circulatory)","level":2,"score":0.631600022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.5877000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103382277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282640","display_name":"General equilibrium theory","level":2,"score":0.527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.5066999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.5054000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779200991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20681009","display_name":"Carbon price","level":3,"score":0.44130000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.42309999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780029475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781599","display_name":"Applied general equilibrium","level":3,"score":0.40939998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.39010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75291252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.36320000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3431999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.337799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5333508","display_name":"Economic impact analysis","level":2,"score":0.33640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.3222000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.31690001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778976125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288401","display_name":"Carbon tax","level":3,"score":0.31189998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781426840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736894","display_name":"Carbon leakage","level":4,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993018946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q488732","display_name":"Price shock","level":2,"score":0.2996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165404738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3052487","display_name":"Partial equilibrium","level":3,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993946284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5037988","display_name":"Carbon market","level":3,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119693030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2180497","display_name":"Economic model","level":2,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983848023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q733553","display_name":"Transmission channel","level":3,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50091055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057397","display_name":"Measures of national income and output","level":2,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985697011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economic analysis","level":2,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100405246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8348417","display_name":"Emissions trading","level":3,"score":0.25519999861717224}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1257/aer.20230448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20230448","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20230448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23254222","display_name":"American Economic Review","issn_l":"0002-8282","issn":["0002-8282","1944-7981"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315912","host_organization_name":"American Economic Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Economic Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Economic Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.9786999821662903,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"},{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.8928999900817871,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.48510000109672546,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":82,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1484648515","https://openalex.org/W1591987707","https://openalex.org/W1973809982","https://openalex.org/W1998628400","https://openalex.org/W2020340772","https://openalex.org/W2020752042","https://openalex.org/W2022220920","https://openalex.org/W2048267822","https://openalex.org/W2062649741","https://openalex.org/W2067094520","https://openalex.org/W2072234220","https://openalex.org/W2078565364","https://openalex.org/W2098052145","https://openalex.org/W2112938220","https://openalex.org/W2122570075","https://openalex.org/W2135860498","https://openalex.org/W2147146578","https://openalex.org/W2150921369","https://openalex.org/W2153894630","https://openalex.org/W2185580901","https://openalex.org/W2264825150","https://openalex.org/W2269266092","https://openalex.org/W2339504131","https://openalex.org/W2397163080","https://openalex.org/W2407294792","https://openalex.org/W2553269777","https://openalex.org/W2586222876","https://openalex.org/W2605537144","https://openalex.org/W2765686824","https://openalex.org/W2780094620","https://openalex.org/W2784791315","https://openalex.org/W2791959148","https://openalex.org/W2890923579","https://openalex.org/W2898894255","https://openalex.org/W2910644189","https://openalex.org/W2942407479","https://openalex.org/W2956061677","https://openalex.org/W2962944704","https://openalex.org/W2972431164","https://openalex.org/W2981473075","https://openalex.org/W2988533513","https://openalex.org/W2996766501","https://openalex.org/W2998755519","https://openalex.org/W3000241061","https://openalex.org/W3022790766","https://openalex.org/W3046044289","https://openalex.org/W3105413259","https://openalex.org/W3116115472","https://openalex.org/W3122033327","https://openalex.org/W3122318714","https://openalex.org/W3122653634","https://openalex.org/W3123065668","https://openalex.org/W3124933125","https://openalex.org/W3125186090","https://openalex.org/W3125254852","https://openalex.org/W3125366357","https://openalex.org/W3125807484","https://openalex.org/W3135463143","https://openalex.org/W3136038698","https://openalex.org/W3150456531","https://openalex.org/W3191925413","https://openalex.org/W3207075005","https://openalex.org/W4200452078","https://openalex.org/W4230173782","https://openalex.org/W4232467597","https://openalex.org/W4244004159","https://openalex.org/W4294052458","https://openalex.org/W4298140829","https://openalex.org/W4317530439","https://openalex.org/W4377224099","https://openalex.org/W4382863138","https://openalex.org/W4396849306","https://openalex.org/W4398764704","https://openalex.org/W4401010111","https://openalex.org/W4401359844","https://openalex.org/W4406605997","https://openalex.org/W4408511423","https://openalex.org/W4408999048","https://openalex.org/W4413417500","https://openalex.org/W4416090329","https://openalex.org/W7140279365","https://openalex.org/W7220665970"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3165095278","https://openalex.org/W4414824987","https://openalex.org/W7126363104","https://openalex.org/W7135011887","https://openalex.org/W7110498168","https://openalex.org/W7171169880","https://openalex.org/W3020990787","https://openalex.org/W2127846437","https://openalex.org/W4417466526","https://openalex.org/W4386749256"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"studies":[2],"the":[3,13,53,84,95],"economic":[4,45],"impacts":[5],"of":[6,12,58,86,94],"carbon":[7,15,22,32,87],"pricing.":[8],"Exploiting":[9],"institutional":[10],"features":[11],"European":[14],"market":[16],"and":[17,25,77],"high-frequency":[18],"data,":[19],"I":[20],"identify":[21],"policy":[23,33],"shocks":[24],"trace":[26],"their":[27,59],"dynamic":[28],"effects.":[29],"A":[30],"restrictive":[31],"shock":[34],"raises":[35],"energy":[36,61],"prices,":[37],"reduces":[38],"emissions,":[39],"spurs":[40],"green":[41],"innovation,":[42],"but":[43,63],"decreases":[44],"activity\u2014disproportionately":[46],"burdening":[47],"poorer":[48],"households.":[49],"Not":[50],"only":[51],"are":[52],"poor":[54],"more":[55],"affected":[56],"because":[57],"higher":[60],"spending,":[62],"they":[64],"also":[65],"experience":[66],"larger":[67],"income":[68,76],"losses.":[69],"These":[70],"indirect,":[71],"general":[72],"equilibrium":[73],"effects":[74],"via":[75],"employment":[78],"play":[79],"an":[80],"important":[81],"role":[82],"in":[83],"transmission":[85],"pricing":[88],"policies,":[89],"accounting":[90],"for":[91],"about":[92],"two-thirds":[93],"aggregate":[96],"consumption":[97],"response.":[98],"(JEL":[99],"E23,":[100],"E24,":[101],"O44,":[102],"Q41,":[103],"Q54,":[104],"Q55,":[105],"Q58)":[106]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-31T00:00:00"}