{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224740730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70650/rvimj.2026v3i3007","title":"Seasonal Migration in South Bihar in the Aftermath of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Patterns, Impact, and Policy Response","display_name":"Seasonal Migration in South Bihar in the Aftermath of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Patterns, Impact, and Policy Response","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224740730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70650/rvimj.2026v3i3007"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.70650/rvimj.2026v3i3007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70650/rvimj.2026v3i3007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.70650/rvimj.2026v3i3007","pdf_url":"https://www.researchvidyapith.com/article/rvimj33m26007/fulltext.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404533583","display_name":"Research Vidyapith International Multidisciplinary Journal.","issn_l":"3048-7331","issn":["3048-7331"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research Vidyapith International Multidisciplinary Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.researchvidyapith.com/article/rvimj33m26007/fulltext.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126954331","display_name":"Vishal Kumar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I343503978","display_name":"Central University of South Bihar","ror":"https://ror.org/01t1agx36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I343503978"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vishal Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Scholar, Department of Geography, Central University of South Bihar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Scholar, Department of Geography, Central University of South Bihar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I343503978"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160233284","display_name":"Deepak Kumar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131743352","display_name":"Patliputra University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rjeh836","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131743352"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Deepak Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, A.N. College, Patna Patliputra University, Bihar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, A.N. College, Patna Patliputra University, Bihar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131743352"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160233284"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131743352"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93508732,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"3","first_page":"42","last_page":"48"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10349","display_name":"Migration and Labor Dynamics","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10349","display_name":"Migration and Labor Dynamics","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14473","display_name":"Social and Economic Development in India","score":0.006200000178068876,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13618","display_name":"Regional Socio-Economic Development Trends","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seasonal-migration","display_name":"seasonal migration","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverse-migration","display_name":"reverse migration","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/migrant-workers","display_name":"migrant workers","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/livelihood-shocks","display_name":"livelihood shocks","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employment-guarantee-schemes","display_name":"employment guarantee schemes","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mgnrega","display_name":"MGNREGA","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/return-migration","display_name":"return migration","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-out-migration","display_name":"rural exodus","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skills-mapping","display_name":"skills mapping","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/migration-policy","display_name":"migration policy","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/south-bihar","display_name":"South Bihar","score":0.6899999976158142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3987366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6658164","display_name":"Livelihood","level":3,"score":0.8070999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.527899980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4959000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777917351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863941","display_name":"Internal migration","level":3,"score":0.45980000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.44190001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.4345000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.41100001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.4083999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019876095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15320003","display_name":"Migrant workers","level":2,"score":0.38420000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.36239999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70036468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131288","display_name":"Immigration","level":2,"score":0.35190001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129047720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175185","display_name":"Rural area","level":2,"score":0.34220001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3361999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778719706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501447","display_name":"Local government","level":2,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170595211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177626","display_name":"Human migration","level":3,"score":0.30869999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64089585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944235","display_name":"Informal sector","level":2,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39853841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161078","display_name":"Urbanization","level":2,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5333508","display_name":"Economic impact analysis","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.2720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107645774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5467169","display_name":"Human resources","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19159745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828395","display_name":"Social policy","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.70650/rvimj.2026v3i3007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70650/rvimj.2026v3i3007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.70650/rvimj.2026v3i3007","pdf_url":"https://www.researchvidyapith.com/article/rvimj33m26007/fulltext.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404533583","display_name":"Research Vidyapith International Multidisciplinary Journal.","issn_l":"3048-7331","issn":["3048-7331"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research Vidyapith International Multidisciplinary Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.70650/rvimj.2026v3i3007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70650/rvimj.2026v3i3007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.70650/rvimj.2026v3i3007","pdf_url":"https://www.researchvidyapith.com/article/rvimj33m26007/fulltext.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404533583","display_name":"Research Vidyapith International Multidisciplinary Journal.","issn_l":"3048-7331","issn":["3048-7331"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research Vidyapith International Multidisciplinary Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":1.0,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.8928999900817871,"display_name":"No poverty"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7390999794006348,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224740730.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224740730.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7117251105","https://openalex.org/W3100072209","https://openalex.org/W4392874957","https://openalex.org/W4322832273","https://openalex.org/W4206652352","https://openalex.org/W6925323796","https://openalex.org/W4391490389","https://openalex.org/W4388291247","https://openalex.org/W3134051733","https://openalex.org/W7125373367"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"South":[0,171],"Bihar":[1,64,123,197],"\u2014":[2,22,164],"the":[3,44,70,74,89,107,122,126,166,187,196],"Magadh":[4],"and":[5,20,36,43,76,88,121,154,183,201],"southern":[6],"Bhojpur":[7],"belt":[8],"comprising":[9],"districts":[10],"such":[11],"as":[12],"Gaya,":[13],"Aurangabad,":[14],"Nawada,":[15],"Jehanabad,":[16],"Arwal,":[17],"Rohtas,":[18],"Kaimur":[19],"Nalanda":[21],"has":[23],"for":[24,34,85,109],"decades":[25],"been":[26],"one":[27],"of":[28,47,78,134,152,170,186,189],"India\u2019s":[29],"most":[30,156],"significant":[31],"source":[32,86],"regions":[33],"seasonal":[35],"circular":[37],"labour":[38],"migration.":[39],"The":[40,177],"COVID-19":[41],"pandemic":[42],"nationwide":[45],"lockdown":[46],"March":[48],"2020":[49],"triggered":[50],"an":[51,56,138,184],"unprecedented":[52],"reverse-migration":[53],"event,":[54],"with":[55,180],"estimated":[57],"three":[58],"million":[59],"migrant":[60,135],"workers":[61,157],"returning":[62],"to":[63,91],"within":[65],"weeks.":[66],"This":[67],"paper":[68,127,178],"examines":[69],"pre-pandemic":[71],"migration":[72],"baseline,":[73],"scale":[75],"nature":[77],"reverse":[79],"migration,":[80],"its":[81],"socio":[82],"economic":[83],"consequences":[84],"households,":[87],"extent":[90],"which":[92],"migrants":[93],"have":[94],"since":[95],"re-migrated":[96,159],"or":[97],"found":[98],"local":[99,143],"alternatives.":[100],"Drawing":[101],"on":[102,175],"household":[103],"surveys":[104],"conducted":[105],"by":[106,114],"Institute":[108],"Human":[110],"Development,":[111],"rapid":[112],"assessments":[113],"ActionAid,":[115],"district":[116],"level":[117],"studies":[118],"from":[119],"Kaimur,":[120],"Economic":[124],"Survey,":[125],"finds":[128],"that":[129,142,155],"over":[130],"ninety":[131],"per":[132],"cent":[133],"households":[136],"suffered":[137],"adverse":[139],"livelihood":[140],"shock,":[141],"employment":[144],"guarantee":[145],"schemes":[146],"absorbed":[147],"only":[148],"a":[149],"small":[150],"fraction":[151],"returnees,":[153],"eventually":[158],"once":[160],"destination-area":[161],"economies":[162],"reopened":[163],"underscoring":[165],"continued":[167],"structural":[168],"dependence":[169],"Bihar\u2019s":[172,190],"rural":[173],"economy":[174],"out-migration.":[176],"concludes":[179],"data-based":[181],"recommendations":[182],"assessment":[185],"Government":[188],"policy":[191],"response,":[192],"including":[193],"skill-mapping":[194],"drives,":[195],"Skill":[198],"Development":[199],"Mission,":[200],"expanded":[202],"MGNREGA":[203],"provisioning.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2026-10-31T00:00:00"}