{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224738243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62112112","title":"Clinicopathological Spectrum of Biopsy-Confirmed Tongue Lesions: A 16-Year Retrospective Study","display_name":"Clinicopathological Spectrum of Biopsy-Confirmed Tongue Lesions: A 16-Year Retrospective Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224738243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62112112"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/medicina62112112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62112112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62112112","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1008817457","display_name":"Medicina","issn_l":"1010-660X","issn":["1010-660X","1648-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicina","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62112112","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102940910","display_name":"Zeynep Afra Akb\u0131y\u0131k Az","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3606-0710","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3606-0710"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67581229","display_name":"Istanbul University","ror":"https://ror.org/03a5qrr21","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67581229"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeynep Afra Akbiyik Az","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Kalenderhane Mahallesi Vezneciler Cad. No:2, 34116 Vezneciler-Fatih/Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3606-0710","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Kalenderhane Mahallesi Vezneciler Cad. No:2, 34116 Vezneciler-Fatih/Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67581229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110700679","display_name":"Fatma Nihan Aksakall\u0131","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2380-1148","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2380-1148"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67581229","display_name":"Istanbul University","ror":"https://ror.org/03a5qrr21","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67581229"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nihan Aksakalli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Kalenderhane Mahallesi Vezneciler Cad. No:2, 34116 Vezneciler-Fatih/Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2380-1148","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Kalenderhane Mahallesi Vezneciler Cad. No:2, 34116 Vezneciler-Fatih/Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67581229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133562774","display_name":"Sabir Majidov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5699-4422","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5699-4422"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67581229","display_name":"Istanbul University","ror":"https://ror.org/03a5qrr21","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67581229"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sabir Majidov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases and Surgery PhD Program, Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Kalenderhane Mahallesi Vezneciler Cad. No:2, 34116 Vezneciler-Fatih/Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5699-4422","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases and Surgery PhD Program, Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Kalenderhane Mahallesi Vezneciler Cad. No:2, 34116 Vezneciler-Fatih/Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67581229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042647309","display_name":"Alp Saruhano\u011flu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1028-7386","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1028-7386"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67581229","display_name":"Istanbul University","ror":"https://ror.org/03a5qrr21","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67581229"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alp Saruhanoglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Kalenderhane Mahallesi Vezneciler Cad. No:2, 34116 Vezneciler-Fatih/Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1028-7386","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Kalenderhane Mahallesi Vezneciler Cad. No:2, 34116 Vezneciler-Fatih/Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67581229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110700679"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67581229"],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2654},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2654},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87365231,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":"11","first_page":"2112","last_page":"2112"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11452","display_name":"Oral Health Pathology and Treatment","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3506","display_name":"Periodontics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11452","display_name":"Oral Health Pathology and Treatment","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3506","display_name":"Periodontics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10307","display_name":"Head and Neck Cancer Studies","score":0.005100000184029341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2733","display_name":"Otorhinolaryngology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11787","display_name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tongue-lesions","display_name":"tongue lesions","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oral-premalignant-lesions","display_name":"oral potentially malignant disorders","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oral-squamous-cell-carcinoma","display_name":"oral squamous cell carcinoma","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irritation-fibroma","display_name":"irritation fibroma","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/papillomatous-lesions","display_name":"papillomatous lesions","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epithelial-dysplasia","display_name":"epithelial dysplasia","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperkeratosis","display_name":"hyperkeratosis","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-as-risk-factor","display_name":"age as risk factor","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinicopathological-spectrum","display_name":"clinicopathological spectrum","score":0.7350000143051147}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8532999753952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544855455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070952","display_name":"Histopathology","level":2,"score":0.7422999739646912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779744641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9614","display_name":"Tongue","level":2,"score":0.7382000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779399171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1483951","display_name":"Malignancy","level":2,"score":0.7041000127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.6568999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775934546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179991","display_name":"Biopsy","level":2,"score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16005928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171171","display_name":"Dermatology","level":1,"score":0.5307000279426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.477400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.46970000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777550702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838145","display_name":"Leukoplakia","level":3,"score":0.45579999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779915019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640998","display_name":"Hyperkeratosis","level":2,"score":0.43299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781156865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827023","display_name":"Lesion","level":2,"score":0.43130001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.4147999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909392909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143025","display_name":"Tongue Neoplasm","level":3,"score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781340805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5383696","display_name":"Epithelial dysplasia","level":3,"score":0.39629998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54510867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2508462","display_name":"Oral and maxillofacial pathology","level":2,"score":0.37119999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775894508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128996","display_name":"Dysplasia","level":2,"score":0.37070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780724051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4667072","display_name":"Fibroma","level":2,"score":0.36719998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777546739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33525","display_name":"Carcinoma","level":2,"score":0.3582000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.3528999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019992690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92767510","display_name":"Basal cell","level":2,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778256501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223911","display_name":"Sarcoma","level":2,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779409057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1776131","display_name":"Oral mucosa","level":2,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137627325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156318","display_name":"Etiology","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994460389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q681817","display_name":"Epidermoid carcinoma","level":3,"score":0.25440001487731934}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/medicina62112112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62112112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62112112","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1008817457","display_name":"Medicina","issn_l":"1010-660X","issn":["1010-660X","1648-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicina","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/medicina62112112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62112112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62112112","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1008817457","display_name":"Medicina","issn_l":"1010-660X","issn":["1010-660X","1648-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicina","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9940000176429749}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1656446303","https://openalex.org/W1837224539","https://openalex.org/W1989179035","https://openalex.org/W2241493361","https://openalex.org/W2994470479","https://openalex.org/W3035564356","https://openalex.org/W3038232570","https://openalex.org/W3088003451","https://openalex.org/W3119095804","https://openalex.org/W3129461555","https://openalex.org/W3163208553","https://openalex.org/W4223924685","https://openalex.org/W4283823684","https://openalex.org/W4377966584","https://openalex.org/W4382024116","https://openalex.org/W4386945111","https://openalex.org/W4389894816","https://openalex.org/W4399778017","https://openalex.org/W4402777540","https://openalex.org/W4407057090","https://openalex.org/W7126185492"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4360752096","https://openalex.org/W3023774157","https://openalex.org/W3035564356","https://openalex.org/W2786505437","https://openalex.org/W3088003451","https://openalex.org/W3133788654","https://openalex.org/W2035369218","https://openalex.org/W1549147772","https://openalex.org/W2418231852","https://openalex.org/W4394894834"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"and":[1,20,35,43,65,74,98,129,141,163,189,204,216],"Objectives:":[2],"Tongue":[3],"lesions":[4,34,140,217,230],"encompass":[5],"a":[6],"broad":[7],"histopathological":[8,29],"spectrum":[9],"ranging":[10],"from":[11,54],"benign":[12],"reactive":[13],"conditions":[14],"to":[15,26,58,72,82,236],"oral":[16,60],"potentially":[17],"malignant":[18,40,86,179,208],"disorders":[19],"invasive":[21],"malignancies.":[22],"This":[23,45],"study":[24,48],"aimed":[25],"characterize":[27],"the":[28,106,185,190,194,219,240],"distribution":[30],"of":[31,139,227],"biopsy-confirmed":[32],"tongue":[33,51,229],"examine":[36,83],"clinicodemographic":[37],"associations":[38,84],"with":[39,85,178],"histopathology.":[41,87,180],"Materials":[42],"Methods:":[44],"retrospective":[46],"archive-based":[47],"included":[49],"624":[50],"biopsy":[52,109],"specimens":[53],"unique":[55],"patients":[56,146,215],"referred":[57],"an":[59],"pathology":[61],"laboratory":[62],"between":[63],"2010":[64],"2025.":[66],"Histopathological":[67],"diagnoses":[68,115],"were":[69,100,116,142,175],"evaluated":[70],"according":[71],"age":[73,92,152,203],"anatomical":[75,205],"subsite.":[76],"Multivariable":[77],"logistic":[78],"regression":[79],"was":[80,93,105,184,193,210],"used":[81],"Results:":[88],"The":[89,102,112],"median":[90],"patient":[91],"50":[94],"years":[95,149],"(IQR,":[96],"37\u201360),":[97],"54.0%":[99],"female.":[101],"lateral":[103,164,191,220],"border":[104,165,192],"most":[107,113,143,186,195],"frequent":[108,144,187,212],"site":[110],"(53.5%).":[111],"common":[114],"irritation":[117],"fibroma":[118,183],"(10.6%),":[119],"papillomatous":[120],"lesion":[121],"(10.1%),":[122],"squamous":[123],"cell":[124],"carcinoma":[125],"(9.6%),":[126],"hyperkeratosis":[127],"(9.5%),":[128],"moderate":[130],"epithelial":[131],"dysplasia":[132],"(8.3%).":[133],"Malignant":[134],"neoplasms":[135],"accounted":[136],"for":[137],"12.0%":[138],"among":[145,213],"aged":[147],"\u226565":[148],"(23.7%).":[150],"Increasing":[151],"(aOR,":[153,167],"1.04":[154],"per":[155],"year;":[156],"95%":[157,169],"CI,":[158,170],"1.02\u20131.06;":[159],"p":[160,172],"<":[161,173],"0.001)":[162,174],"localization":[166],"6.28;":[168],"3.14\u201312.57;":[171],"independently":[176],"associated":[177],"Conclusions:":[181],"Irritation":[182],"diagnosis,":[188],"frequently":[196],"biopsied":[197],"site.":[198],"Clinicopathological":[199],"patterns":[200],"varied":[201],"by":[202],"subsite,":[206],"while":[207],"histopathology":[209],"more":[211],"older":[214],"involving":[218],"tongue.":[221],"These":[222],"findings":[223],"support":[224],"careful":[225],"assessment":[226],"suspicious":[228],"but":[231],"should":[232],"not":[233],"be":[234],"generalized":[235],"malignancy":[237],"risk":[238],"in":[239],"general":[241],"population.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2026-10-31T00:00:00"}