{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224737231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23788238","title":"Who Bears the Risk of Privatized War? Troops, Contractors and Third-Country Nationals","display_name":"Who Bears the Risk of Privatized War? Troops, Contractors and Third-Country Nationals","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224737231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23788238"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23788238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23788238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23788238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23788238","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160041855","display_name":"Kazi Affnann Azom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5998-7642","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5998-7642"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Azom, Kazi Affnann","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5998-7642","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160041855"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14086","display_name":"Military and Defense Studies","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14086","display_name":"Military and Defense Studies","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12825","display_name":"Defense, Military, and Policy Studies","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12550","display_name":"Politics and Conflicts in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Middle East","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-contractors","display_name":"military contractors","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-casualties","display_name":"military casualties","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/afghanistan-war","display_name":"Afghanistan War","score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iraq-war","display_name":"Iraq War","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/third-country-nationals","display_name":"third-country nationals","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/war-costs","display_name":"war costs","score":0.46799999475479126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780587734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383030","display_name":"Afghan","level":2,"score":0.6244999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6104999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5020999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779445047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336568","display_name":"Year-ending","level":3,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137355542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362","display_name":"World War II","level":2,"score":0.323199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.3172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777388388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6821213","display_name":"Wage","level":2,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80984254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q608190","display_name":"Labor relations","level":2,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81631423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10859","display_name":"Spanish Civil War","level":2,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.26460000872612}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23788238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23788238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23788238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23788239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23788239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23788239","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23788238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23788238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23788238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7825999855995178,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"score":0.666700005531311,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7224113696","https://openalex.org/W7224120033","https://openalex.org/W7224504483"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1802186458","https://openalex.org/W2902951456","https://openalex.org/W1622081741","https://openalex.org/W2906864458","https://openalex.org/W2786202928","https://openalex.org/W1491783631","https://openalex.org/W4249775689","https://openalex.org/W4392996949","https://openalex.org/W2283049652","https://openalex.org/W7048955227"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"When":[0],"a":[1],"government":[2],"hires":[3],"firms":[4],"to":[5,68,94,109,124,136,159,217,224,234],"do":[6],"part":[7],"of":[8,11,14,17,54,75,172,209,237,246],"the":[9,15,21,34,55,59,76,83,102,114,131,139,153,166,169,173,194,203,207,220,244],"work":[10],"war,":[12],"some":[13],"risk":[16,222],"dying":[18],"moves":[19],"with":[20,226],"work.":[22],"This":[23],"paper":[24],"measures":[25],"how":[26],"much":[27],"moved":[28],"in":[29,66,71,78,152,240],"Afghanistan":[30,183],"and":[31,44,96,126,138,162,184],"Iraq,":[32],"combining":[33],"Pentagon's":[35],"contractor":[36,47],"census,":[37],"official":[38,154],"troop":[39],"counts,":[40],"military":[41],"death":[42,48],"records":[43],"Labor":[45,195],"Department":[46,196],"cases.":[49],"In":[50],"Afghanistan,":[51,241],"contractors'":[52,179],"share":[53],"reported":[56,103,204],"deaths":[57,205],"on":[58],"U.S.":[60],"side":[61],"rose":[62,90,231],"from":[63,82,91,98,182,232],"44":[64],"percent":[65,70,120,236],"FY2010\u2013FY2011":[67],"75":[69],"FY2015\u2013FY2017.":[72],"About":[73],"four-fifths":[74],"rise":[77,143],"its":[79],"log-odds":[80],"came":[81],"force":[84,167],"mix,":[85],"as":[86,128,145],"contractors":[87,105,215,239],"per":[88],"soldier":[89],"about":[92,127,160],"one":[93],"three,":[95],"one-fifth":[97],"relative":[99],"risk.":[100],"On":[101],"figures,":[104],"were":[106],"less":[107],"likely":[108,129],"die":[110],"than":[111,191],"soldiers":[112],"during":[113,130],"surge":[115],"(rate":[116],"ratio":[117,140],"0.75,":[118],"95":[119],"confidence":[121],"interval":[122],"0.68":[123],"0.83)":[125],"advisory":[132],"mission":[133],"(0.98,":[134],"0.70":[135],"1.39),":[137],"did":[141],"not":[142],"steadily":[144],"troops":[146],"left.":[147],"Correcting":[148],"two":[149],"known":[150],"errors":[151],"counts":[155,198],"raises":[156],"these":[157],"ratios":[158],"0.9":[161],"1.2":[163],"but":[164],"leaves":[165],"mix":[168],"main":[170],"source":[171],"rise.":[174],"These":[175],"figures":[176],"may":[177],"understate":[178],"risk:":[180],"workers":[181,248],"third":[185],"countries":[186],"filed":[187],"far":[188],"fewer":[189],"claims":[190],"Americans,":[192],"although":[193],"also":[197],"other":[199],"agencies'":[200],"contractors.":[201],"Scaling":[202],"by":[206],"Costs":[208],"War":[210],"project's":[211],"under-reporting":[212],"factor":[213],"gives":[214],"1.4":[216],"2.1":[218],"times":[219],"soldiers'":[221],"(1.5":[223],"2.7":[225],"both":[227],"corrections).":[228],"Third-country":[229],"nationals":[230],"13":[233],"41":[235],"DoD":[238],"mainly":[242],"because":[243],"number":[245],"Afghan":[247],"fell.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2026-10-31T00:00:00"}