{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224734487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18213735","title":"A Parameter-Compact Network with Hierarchical Detail Enhancement and High-Resolution Multiscale Fusion for Small Object Detection in UAV Imagery","display_name":"A Parameter-Compact Network with Hierarchical Detail Enhancement and High-Resolution Multiscale Fusion for Small Object Detection in UAV Imagery","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224734487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18213735"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs18213735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18213735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18213735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18213735","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100325973","display_name":"Jiaqi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3743-9351","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3743-9351","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1166-6867","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4218-0161"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaqi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Navigation Research Center, College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1166-6867","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Navigation Research Center, College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101524100","display_name":"Qinghua Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3660-3212","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3660-3212","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2263-7543"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qinghua Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Navigation Research Center, College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3660-3212","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Navigation Research Center, College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088698302","display_name":"Zhi Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4619-4384","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4619-4384","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0674-4927"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Navigation Research Center, College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4619-4384","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Navigation Research Center, College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052335786","display_name":"Songnan Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8255-8662","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8255-8662"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Songnan Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Navigation Research Center, College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8255-8662","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Navigation Research Center, College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132997728","display_name":"Junjie Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0554-8085","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0554-8085"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junjie Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Navigation Research Center, College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0554-8085","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Navigation Research Center, College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148447438","display_name":"Yudi Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0657-681X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0657-681X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yudi Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Navigation Research Center, College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0657-681X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Navigation Research Center, College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101524100"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"apc_paid":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82511905,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"21","first_page":"3735","last_page":"3735"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-object-detection","display_name":"small object detection","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uav-imagery","display_name":"UAV imagery","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yolo11","display_name":"YOLOv11","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiscale-feature-fusion","display_name":"multi-scale feature fusion","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-detection-head","display_name":"dynamic detection head","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visdrone","display_name":"VisDrone","score":0.6890000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8051999807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7034000158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110384440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143270","display_name":"Upsampling","level":3,"score":0.6225000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5638999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.5527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5375999808311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5062000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5045999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.45419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.3882000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88796919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142907","display_name":"Backbone network","level":2,"score":0.3797999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781195486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q289436","display_name":"Texture (cosmology)","level":3,"score":0.3292999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151416825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934791","display_name":"Quadtree","level":2,"score":0.30390000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.30140000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.25270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs18213735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18213735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18213735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs18213735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18213735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18213735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1483870316","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2601564443","https://openalex.org/W2796210376","https://openalex.org/W2884561390","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3171660447","https://openalex.org/W3205100603","https://openalex.org/W3210997334","https://openalex.org/W4366598917","https://openalex.org/W4382059335","https://openalex.org/W4385760871","https://openalex.org/W4390562891","https://openalex.org/W4394818941","https://openalex.org/W4400266963","https://openalex.org/W4401067591","https://openalex.org/W4401630652","https://openalex.org/W4402667905","https://openalex.org/W4403491520","https://openalex.org/W4405907339","https://openalex.org/W4409923515","https://openalex.org/W4410375411","https://openalex.org/W4412003782","https://openalex.org/W4413120549","https://openalex.org/W4413846917","https://openalex.org/W4414165686","https://openalex.org/W4415030640","https://openalex.org/W4417040566","https://openalex.org/W7118885403","https://openalex.org/W7125136258","https://openalex.org/W7141164543","https://openalex.org/W7143281771","https://openalex.org/W7153199418","https://openalex.org/W7154263522","https://openalex.org/W7160257734","https://openalex.org/W7168162050","https://openalex.org/W7204492116"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7204262581","https://openalex.org/W7204492116","https://openalex.org/W7124759531","https://openalex.org/W7127369495","https://openalex.org/W4417509793","https://openalex.org/W7213884714","https://openalex.org/W7204081106","https://openalex.org/W7164354636","https://openalex.org/W7128914905","https://openalex.org/W7140056132"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Small-object":[0],"detection":[1,26,174],"in":[2],"UAV":[3,172],"imagery":[4],"remains":[5],"challenging":[6],"because":[7],"repeated":[8],"downsampling":[9],"weakens":[10],"fine":[11],"structural":[12,162],"cues,":[13],"conventional":[14,73],"feature":[15],"pyramids":[16],"are":[17],"poorly":[18],"aligned":[19],"with":[20,76,175],"small-object-dominated":[21],"scale":[22],"distributions,":[23],"and":[24,52,67,87,101,110,119,148,167],"fixed":[25],"heads":[27],"provide":[28],"limited":[29],"adaptation.":[30],"To":[31],"address":[32],"these":[33],"issues,":[34],"a":[35,42,176],"Hierarchical\u2013Bidirectional\u2013Dynamic":[36],"Network":[37],"(HBD-Net)":[38],"is":[39],"developed":[40],"as":[41],"parameter-compact":[43],"detector":[44],"based":[45],"on":[46],"YOLOv11s.":[47],"HEEM":[48],"reinforces":[49],"edge,":[50],"contour,":[51],"texture":[53],"information":[54],"at":[55],"multiple":[56],"backbone":[57],"stages":[58],"using":[59],"orthogonal":[60],"depthwise":[61],"strip":[62],"convolutions,":[63],"residual":[64],"detail":[65],"extraction,":[66],"zero-initialized":[68],"fusion.":[69,90],"PLSS":[70],"replaces":[71],"the":[72,114,136,140],"P3\u2013P5":[74],"hierarchy":[75],"P2\u2013P4":[77],"to":[78,130],"emphasize":[79],"high-resolution":[80,164],"features,":[81],"while":[82,124],"P2-BiFPN":[83],"introduces":[84],"bidirectional":[85],"propagation":[86],"learnable":[88],"weighted":[89],"An":[91],"integrated":[92],"Dynamic":[93],"Head":[94],"further":[95],"refines":[96],"features":[97],"across":[98],"scale,":[99],"spatial,":[100],"task":[102],"dimensions.":[103],"On":[104,142],"VisDrone,":[105],"HBD-Net":[106,144],"achieves":[107],"39.0%":[108],"mAP50":[109,147],"22.6%":[111],"mAP50\u201395,":[112,150],"improving":[113],"YOLOv11s":[115],"baseline":[116],"by":[117],"6.9":[118],"4.3":[120],"percentage":[121],"points,":[122],"respectively,":[123],"reducing":[125],"parameters":[126],"from":[127],"9.4":[128],"M":[129],"3.7":[131],"M.":[132],"Ablation":[133],"studies":[134],"confirm":[135],"complementary":[137],"effects":[138],"of":[139],"components.":[141],"HIT-UAV,":[143],"reaches":[145],"84.1%":[146],"57.0%":[149],"indicating":[151],"effectiveness":[152],"under":[153],"infrared":[154],"aerial":[155],"imaging.":[156],"These":[157],"results":[158],"demonstrate":[159],"that":[160],"coordinated":[161],"enhancement,":[163],"multiscale":[165],"fusion,":[166],"adaptive":[168],"prediction":[169],"can":[170],"improve":[171],"small-object":[173],"compact":[177],"parameter":[178],"footprint.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2026-10-31T00:00:00"}
