{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224680679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14212028","title":"Design and Performance Assessment of an R-744 Refrigeration System with Phase Change Material Thermal Storage for a Fishing Vessel","display_name":"Design and Performance Assessment of an R-744 Refrigeration System with Phase Change Material Thermal Storage for a Fishing Vessel","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224680679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14212028"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jmse14212028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14212028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14212028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736865057","display_name":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2077-1312","issn":["2077-1312"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14212028","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140045152","display_name":"Ricardo N\u00f3brega","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203847022","display_name":"Universidade Polit\u00e9cnica de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/04ea70f07","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ricardo N\u00f3brega","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045400920","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Garcia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7181-6408","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7181-6408"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203847022","display_name":"Universidade Polit\u00e9cnica de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/04ea70f07","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102653","display_name":"Universidade Polit\u00e9cnica de Set\u00fabal","ror":"https://ror.org/01bvjz807","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102653"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jo\u00e3o Garcia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal","MARE-IPS, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, School of Technology, \r\n\t\tPolytechnic Institute of Set\u00fabal, IPS Campus\u2013Estefanilha, 2910-761 Set\u00fabal, Portugal","UnIRE, ISEL, \r\n\t\tPolytechnic University of Lisbon, Rua Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7181-6408","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MARE-IPS, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, School of Technology, \r\n\t\tPolytechnic Institute of Set\u00fabal, IPS Campus\u2013Estefanilha, 2910-761 Set\u00fabal, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102653"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UnIRE, ISEL, \r\n\t\tPolytechnic University of Lisbon, Rua Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045400920"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203847022","https://openalex.org/I4210102653"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74060202,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"21","first_page":"2028","last_page":"2028"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11529","display_name":"Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11529","display_name":"Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10938","display_name":"Phase Change Materials Research","score":0.003000000026077032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11774","display_name":"Adsorption and Cooling Systems","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co2-refrigerant","display_name":"CO2 refrigerant","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-change-material-thermal-storage","display_name":"phase change material thermal storage","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coefficient-of-performance","display_name":"coefficient of performance","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-equivalent-warming-impact","display_name":"total equivalent warming impact","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-energy-storage","display_name":"thermal energy storage","score":0.7120000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69907114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747713","display_name":"Refrigeration","level":2,"score":0.8673999905586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778119658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806889","display_name":"Phase-change material","level":3,"score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6378999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183287310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142963","display_name":"Thermal energy storage","level":2,"score":0.6148999929428101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199499590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q266790","display_name":"Refrigerant","level":3,"score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13119800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902090","display_name":"Coefficient of performance","level":4,"score":0.538100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116915560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83504","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","level":1,"score":0.5318999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164915370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5167494","display_name":"Cooling capacity","level":2,"score":0.5001999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.46709999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.4668999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141713623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1452596","display_name":"Heat pump and refrigeration cycle","level":4,"score":0.4212999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988529969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5142478","display_name":"Cold storage","level":2,"score":0.39629998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175503448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75920","display_name":"Thermodynamic cycle","level":2,"score":0.37369999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107861326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209233","display_name":"Thermal energy","level":2,"score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133256868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7180940","display_name":"Phase change","level":2,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779301550","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217236","display_name":"Working fluid","level":2,"score":0.31850001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125557594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1796972","display_name":"Refrigerator car","level":2,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.30379998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16629374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756525","display_name":"Storage tank","level":2,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7694927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7667810","display_name":"Water cooling","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115139850","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7630971","display_name":"Subcooling","level":3,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4638862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501558","display_name":"Chiller","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141675481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3588981","display_name":"Energy recovery","level":3,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.25540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530467964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1997","display_name":"Carbon dioxide","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jmse14212028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14212028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14212028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736865057","display_name":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2077-1312","issn":["2077-1312"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jmse14212028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14212028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14212028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736865057","display_name":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2077-1312","issn":["2077-1312"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"},{"score":0.878000020980835,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"},{"score":0.807699978351593,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W299970904","https://openalex.org/W1972201904","https://openalex.org/W1979144939","https://openalex.org/W2119148201","https://openalex.org/W2322811866","https://openalex.org/W2485289877","https://openalex.org/W2767222697","https://openalex.org/W2898633753","https://openalex.org/W3168627876","https://openalex.org/W4205303338","https://openalex.org/W4220886317","https://openalex.org/W4280611364","https://openalex.org/W4283790404","https://openalex.org/W4300981857","https://openalex.org/W4360603530","https://openalex.org/W4390431098","https://openalex.org/W4407821910","https://openalex.org/W4408651474","https://openalex.org/W4417048002","https://openalex.org/W7160393155"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6944324357","https://openalex.org/W2895570018","https://openalex.org/W3132805931","https://openalex.org/W3090084676","https://openalex.org/W7219426066","https://openalex.org/W3210433131","https://openalex.org/W4280611364","https://openalex.org/W4297670971","https://openalex.org/W4224250175","https://openalex.org/W4380200418"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Refrigeration":[0],"systems":[1,80],"on":[2,10,140],"board":[3],"fishing":[4,44],"vessels":[5],"place":[6],"substantial":[7],"energy":[8,26,231,236,280,298,314,325],"demands":[9],"the":[11,14,47,63,66,74,78,110,117,121,124,135,150,154,185,189,207,225,271,286,301,312,328,333],"vessel":[12,59],"through":[13],"freezing":[15,71,218],"and":[16,24,33,72,83,86,102,113,132,147,153,167,180,188,243,269,299,315,322,330],"storage":[17,27,97],"of":[18,99,106,127,137,178,204,212,215,224,237,253,274,278,289,295,327,332],"fish,":[19],"which":[20],"makes":[21],"low-environmental-impact":[22],"refrigerants":[23],"thermal":[25,55,227,235,272,279,297],"particularly":[28],"attractive.":[29],"This":[30],"study":[31],"designs":[32],"theoretically":[34],"assesses":[35],"a":[36,43,54,96,169,202,210,233,244,259,264,292,323],"carbon":[37],"dioxide":[38],"(R-744)":[39],"refrigeration":[40,79,104,302,309],"system":[41],"for":[42,109,116,149,184,249],"vessel,":[45],"integrating":[46],"phase":[48],"change":[49],"material":[50],"(PCM)":[51],"HS23N":[52,216,290],"as":[53,62,229,291],"store.":[56],"A":[57],"research":[58],"was":[60,89,130,145,220],"taken":[61],"case":[64],"study:":[65],"heat":[67],"loads":[68],"associated":[69],"with":[70,193],"storing":[73,296],"fish":[75],"were":[76,81],"determined,":[77],"sized,":[82],"their":[84],"thermodynamic":[85,125],"environmental":[87,316],"performance":[88,128,138],"assessed.":[90],"The":[91,158,283],"loading":[92],"configuration":[93],"considered":[94],"gave":[95,173],"density":[98],"417":[100],"kg/m3":[101],"required":[103],"capacities":[105],"3.32":[107],"kW":[108,115],"refrigerated":[111,151,186],"hold":[112,152,187],"19.32":[114],"plate":[118,155,190],"freezer.":[119],"For":[120,206],"equipment":[122],"selected,":[123],"coefficient":[126,136],"(COPth)":[129],"2.48":[131],"1.87,":[133],"while":[134],"based":[139],"electrical":[141],"power":[142],"input":[143],"(COPel)":[144],"1.99":[146],"1.49":[148],"freezer,":[156,191],"respectively.":[157],"Total":[159],"Equivalent":[160],"Warming":[161],"Impact":[162],"(TEWI)":[163],"assessment,":[164],"without":[165],"PCM":[166,208,251],"over":[168],"20-year":[170],"service":[171],"life,":[172],"estimated":[174],"cumulative":[175],"indirect":[176],"emissions":[177,195],"57.415":[179],"527.748":[181],"t":[182],"CO2":[183],"respectively,":[192],"direct":[194],"contributing":[196],"little":[197],"given":[198],"that":[199],"R-744":[200,307],"has":[201],"GWP":[203],"1.":[205],"integration,":[209],"charge":[211],"50":[213],"kg":[214],"per":[217,241,281],"cycle":[219,242],"considered.":[221],"Taking":[222],"90%":[223],"theoretical":[226,245,287],"capacity":[228,266],"useful":[230,234],"gives":[232],"approximately":[238,275],"3.26":[239],"kWh":[240,277],"minimum":[246],"charging":[247,329],"time":[248,305],"complete":[250],"solidification":[252],"20.4":[254],"min.":[255],"With":[256],"four":[257],"cycles":[258],"day,":[260],"this":[261],"corresponds":[262],"to":[263,267],"potential":[265,288],"store":[268],"shift":[270],"load":[273,303],"13.04":[276],"day.":[282],"results":[284],"demonstrate":[285],"complementary":[293],"means":[294],"shifting":[300],"in":[304,306],"marine":[308],"systems.":[310],"Quantifying":[311],"net":[313],"benefit,":[317],"however,":[318],"requires":[319],"experimental":[320],"validation":[321],"full":[324],"balance":[326],"discharging":[331],"PCM.":[334]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2026-10-30T00:00:00"}