{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224670908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2026.2751291","title":"Prevalence, knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding cognitive enhancer use in a convenience sample of university students in Syria: a cross-sectional study","display_name":"Prevalence, knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding cognitive enhancer use in a convenience sample of university students in Syria: a cross-sectional study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224670908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2026.2751291","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42954660","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13721804"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/07853890.2026.2751291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2026.2751291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2026.2751291","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/07853890.2026.2751291?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203391715","display_name":"Annals of Medicine","issn_l":"0785-3890","issn":["0785-3890","1365-2060"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320449","host_organization_name":"Informa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/07853890.2026.2751291?needAccess=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099049643","display_name":"Shahd Almansour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2524-5230","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2524-5230"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137613304","display_name":"Homs University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pwpsf61","country_code":"SY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137613304"]}],"countries":["SY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shahd Almansour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, Homs University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2524-5230","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, Homs University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137613304"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116712207","display_name":"Ahmad Bishr Nasra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8243-9385","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8243-9385"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I875646752","display_name":"Damascus University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m098d13","country_code":"SY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I875646752"]}],"countries":["SY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Bishr Nasra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8243-9385","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I875646752"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118294361","display_name":"Mohammad Alaa Aldakak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9600-6326","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9600-6326"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I875646752","display_name":"Damascus University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m098d13","country_code":"SY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I875646752"]}],"countries":["SY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Alaa Aldakak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9600-6326","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I875646752"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160137047","display_name":"Bashar Barhoum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7871-9283","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7871-9283"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137613304","display_name":"Homs University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pwpsf61","country_code":"SY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137613304"]}],"countries":["SY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bashar Barhoum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Pharmacy, Homs University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7871-9283","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Homs University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137613304"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160096258","display_name":"Joelle Salloum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7892-0010","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7892-0010"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137613304","display_name":"Homs University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pwpsf61","country_code":"SY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137613304"]}],"countries":["SY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joelle Salloum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Pharmacy, Homs University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7892-0010","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Homs University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137613304"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160099812","display_name":"Batoul Abidan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9294-2991","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9294-2991"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137613304","display_name":"Homs University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pwpsf61","country_code":"SY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137613304"]}],"countries":["SY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Batoul Abidan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Pharmacy, Homs University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9294-2991","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Homs University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137613304"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160116777","display_name":"Elias Zaghbour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1844-3446","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1844-3446"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137613304","display_name":"Homs University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pwpsf61","country_code":"SY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137613304"]}],"countries":["SY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elias Zaghbour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Pharmacy, Homs University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1844-3446","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Homs University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137613304"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023626951","display_name":"Walid Khaddam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6771-2211","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6771-2211"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137613304","display_name":"Homs University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pwpsf61","country_code":"SY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137613304"]}],"countries":["SY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walid Khaddam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Homs University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6771-2211","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Homs University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137613304"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5099049643"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137613304"],"apc_list":{"value":2085,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2557},"apc_paid":{"value":2085,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2557},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92723174,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"1","first_page":"2751291","last_page":"2751291"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11953","display_name":"Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11953","display_name":"Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10043","display_name":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12700","display_name":"Doping in Sports","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nootropics","display_name":"nootropic drugs","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-enhancement","display_name":"cognitive enhancement","score":0.5350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-students","display_name":"university students","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/caffeine","display_name":"caffeine","score":0.39100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stimulant-medication","display_name":"stimulant medication","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder","display_name":"attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peer-influence","display_name":"peer influence","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-stress","display_name":"academic stress","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adverse-effects","display_name":"adverse effects","score":0.8550000190734863}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.6155999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5981000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.5569000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.5152000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15224491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169338","display_name":"Permissive","level":2,"score":0.5037000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106399304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868123","display_name":"Snowball sampling","level":2,"score":0.47609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4424000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2426938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3355478","display_name":"Medical prescription","level":2,"score":0.4153999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991912374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q400711","display_name":"Substance use","level":2,"score":0.35740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991670904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875538","display_name":"Public university","level":2,"score":0.3497999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48856860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12029","display_name":"Addiction","level":2,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780557958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211036","display_name":"Stimulant","level":2,"score":0.32760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134362201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309","display_name":"Mental health","level":2,"score":0.3018999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205545832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156455","display_name":"Young adult","level":2,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778834376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7696504","display_name":"Telephone interview","level":2,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779529714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2632744","display_name":"Graduation (instrument)","level":2,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128593788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1194193","display_name":"Peer group","level":2,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777895361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758614","display_name":"Longitudinal study","level":2,"score":0.25220000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000099312","descriptor_name":"Cognitive Enhancement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007722","descriptor_name":"Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013334","descriptor_name":"Students","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013334","descriptor_name":"Students","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013593","descriptor_name":"Syria","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014495","descriptor_name":"Universities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018697","descriptor_name":"Nootropic Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018697","descriptor_name":"Nootropic Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018697","descriptor_name":"Nootropic Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/07853890.2026.2751291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2026.2751291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2026.2751291","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/07853890.2026.2751291?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203391715","display_name":"Annals of Medicine","issn_l":"0785-3890","issn":["0785-3890","1365-2060"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320449","host_organization_name":"Informa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13721804","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13721804/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13721804/pdf/IANN_58_2751291.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ann Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42954660","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42954660","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3b107632b31d438b897cf9d260a2a0c5","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3b107632b31d438b897cf9d260a2a0c5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Medicine, Vol 58, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/07853890.2026.2751291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2026.2751291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2026.2751291","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/07853890.2026.2751291?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203391715","display_name":"Annals of Medicine","issn_l":"0785-3890","issn":["0785-3890","1365-2060"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320449","host_organization_name":"Informa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9789000153541565,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224670908.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224670908.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1554746077","https://openalex.org/W2075678409","https://openalex.org/W2193926538","https://openalex.org/W3134177409","https://openalex.org/W3208816971","https://openalex.org/W3208975062","https://openalex.org/W4200170371","https://openalex.org/W4210676646","https://openalex.org/W4223578376","https://openalex.org/W4285007154","https://openalex.org/W4319336629","https://openalex.org/W4327949235","https://openalex.org/W4392316468","https://openalex.org/W4404473648","https://openalex.org/W4404646146","https://openalex.org/W4406324523","https://openalex.org/W4415012267","https://openalex.org/W4415918668","https://openalex.org/W4416785154","https://openalex.org/W7117551482","https://openalex.org/W7124251538","https://openalex.org/W7160869862","https://openalex.org/W7161034320","https://openalex.org/W7204991738","https://openalex.org/W7208709122"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210676646","https://openalex.org/W6902136824","https://openalex.org/W4392949192","https://openalex.org/W7118193143","https://openalex.org/W3134177409","https://openalex.org/W4389240343","https://openalex.org/W7162451267","https://openalex.org/W6925990657","https://openalex.org/W1574726680","https://openalex.org/W2010972894"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Evidence":[1],"on":[2],"cognitive":[3,231],"enhancer":[4],"(CE)":[5],"use":[6,22,32,67,77,127,194,218,221],"among":[7,49],"Middle":[8],"Eastern":[9],"university":[10,40],"students":[11,51],"remains":[12],"limited,":[13],"and":[14,31,55,68,76,113,131,158,177,200,206,219,234,244],"no":[15],"prior":[16],"published":[17],"study":[18],"has":[19],"characterized":[20],"CE":[21,66,93,107,116,150,174,193,217],"in":[23,34],"Syria.":[24],"We":[25],"assessed":[26,69],"lifetime":[27,86,92,125,173,185,192],"use,":[28,108,112],"knowledge,":[29,71],"attitudes,":[30,75,202],"practices":[33],"a":[35,61,149,159],"convenience":[36,54],"sample":[37,104],"of":[38,65,101,225],"Syrian":[39],"students.":[41],"METHODS:":[42],"A":[43],"cross-sectional":[44],"online":[45],"survey":[46],"was":[47,128,195],"conducted":[48],"707":[50],"recruited":[52,190],"using":[53],"snowball":[56],"sampling.":[57],"The":[58,213],"questionnaire":[59],"used":[60],"broad":[62,97],"intention-based":[63,98],"definition":[64],"factual":[70],"academic":[72,207],"pressure,":[73],"permissive":[74,201],"patterns.":[78],"Multivariable":[79],"logistic":[80],"regression":[81],"examined":[82],"factors":[83],"associated":[84,171,183,196],"with":[85,172,184,197],"use.":[87,94,123,175,186],"RESULTS:":[88],"14.6%":[89],"(103/707)":[90],"reported":[91,105,120,133],"Under":[95],"the":[96,102,223],"definition,":[99],"10.9%":[100],"total":[103],"supplement/natural-type":[106],"2.4%":[109],"high-dose":[110],"caffeine-product":[111],"2.3%":[114],"medication-type":[115,220],"use;":[117],"2.0%":[118],"specifically":[119],"prescription":[121],"stimulant":[122],"Among":[124],"users,":[126],"commonly":[129],"exam-related,":[130],"29.1%":[132],"adverse":[134],"effects.":[135],"In":[136,188],"adjusted":[137],"analyses,":[138],"self-reported":[139],"ADHD":[140],"(AOR":[141,152,164],"=":[142,153,165],"3.70;":[143],"95%":[144,155,167],"CI:":[145,156,168],"1.18-11.55),":[146],"personally":[147],"knowing":[148],"user":[151],"4.35;":[154],"2.73-6.93),":[157],"higher":[160],"permissiveness":[161],"attitude":[162],"score":[163],"2.42;":[166],"1.72-3.41)":[169],"were":[170,180,209],"Knowledge":[176],"academic-pressure":[178],"scores":[179],"not":[181,210],"independently":[182,211],"CONCLUSIONS:":[187],"this":[189],"sample,":[191],"peer":[198],"exposure":[199],"whereas":[203],"measured":[204],"knowledge":[205],"pressure":[208],"associated.":[212],"difference":[214],"between":[215],"overall":[216],"highlights":[222],"importance":[224],"distinguishing":[226],"product":[227],"classes":[228],"when":[229],"studying":[230],"enhancement.":[232],"Longitudinal":[233],"more":[235],"representative":[236],"studies":[237],"are":[238],"needed":[239],"to":[240],"clarify":[241],"these":[242],"associations":[243],"their":[245],"generalizability.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-10-30T00:00:00"}
