{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224601839","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34856661","title":"The Hunter Variant Hypothesis: Why Similar Faces Recur in a World of Eight Billion People: Genetics, Biometrics, and the Architecture of Human Appearance","display_name":"The Hunter Variant Hypothesis: Why Similar Faces Recur in a World of Eight Billion People: Genetics, Biometrics, and the Architecture of Human Appearance","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224601839","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34856661"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.34856661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34856661","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34856661","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34856661","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147054954","display_name":"Hunter Hughes","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hunter Hughes","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5147054954"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.9506999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.9506999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.01899999938905239,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12417","display_name":"Morphological variations and asymmetry","score":0.014999999664723873,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2608","display_name":"Geometry and Topology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/look-alikes","display_name":"look-alikes","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-similarity","display_name":"face similarity","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-canalization","display_name":"developmental canalization","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-biometrics","display_name":"face biometrics","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media-exposure","display_name":"social media exposure","score":0.5460000038146973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.48510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4848000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.4388999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.42260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.3961000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161657702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529895","display_name":"Face perception","level":3,"score":0.39259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20854674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4386060","display_name":"Cognitive architecture","level":3,"score":0.38019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.35249999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.3508000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.337799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.3294000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3215000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.303600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185554395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83944","display_name":"Human evolution","level":2,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193293595","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23852","display_name":"Human body","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168601633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1044484","display_name":"Evolutionary developmental biology","level":2,"score":0.2581999897956848}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.34856661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34856661","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34856661","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.34856661.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34856661.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34856661.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.34856661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34856661","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34856661","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7224594344","https://openalex.org/W7224309611","https://openalex.org/W2917932144","https://openalex.org/W1890251239","https://openalex.org/W4292755595","https://openalex.org/W2142949023","https://openalex.org/W4401327928","https://openalex.org/W2080712767","https://openalex.org/W4391308499","https://openalex.org/W2093993142"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,99,161,255],"Hunter":[1,6,36],"Variant":[2],"Hypothesis":[3],"(created":[4],"by":[5],"Hughes,":[7],"founder":[8],"of":[9,25,55,70,207,252,282],"H":[10],"Heuristics)":[11],"proposes":[12],"that":[13,46,58,165,212,228,242],"recurring":[14,96,155,178,200,222,246,283],"human":[15,151,201,243,287],"facial":[16,29,97,107,121,142,179,194,270,284],"similarities":[17],"are":[18],"not":[19],"rare":[20],"anomalies":[21],"but":[22],"predictable":[23],"outcomes":[24],"genetics,":[26,104],"developmental":[27,80,105,216],"biology,":[28,81],"recognition":[30],"psychology,":[31,110],"and":[32,82,114,148,169,218,236,272,280],"population-scale":[33],"probability.":[34],"Using":[35],"Hughes":[37],"as":[38],"a":[39,130,204,249,259],"documented":[40],"reference":[41],"anchor,":[42],"the":[43,62,90,197,239,278],"framework":[44,133,240],"argues":[45,164],"look-alikes":[47,88],"emerge":[48,124],"when":[49],"unrelated":[50],"individuals":[51],"inherit":[52],"overlapping":[53],"combinations":[54],"facial-development":[56],"genes":[57],"guide":[59],"growth":[60],"through":[61],"same":[63],"stable":[64,213],"biological":[65,214,253],"pathways,":[66],"producing":[67],"recognizable":[68,159],"clusters":[69],"appearance":[71,202],"despite":[72],"distinct":[73],"family":[74],"histories.":[75],"Modern":[76],"computer":[77],"vision":[78],"systems,":[79],"empirical":[83],"research":[84,261],"on":[85],"genetically":[86],"similar":[87],"provide":[89],"scientific":[91],"foundation":[92],"for":[93,134],"investigating":[94],"these":[95],"archetypes.":[98,160],"monograph":[100],"integrates":[101],"evidence":[102],"from":[103],"canalization,":[106],"biometrics,":[108],"cognitive":[109],"complex":[111],"systems":[112],"theory,":[113],"media":[115,171],"studies":[116],"to":[117,177,275],"explain":[118],"why":[119],"certain":[120],"structures":[122],"repeatedly":[123],"across":[125,286],"large":[126],"populations.":[127,288],"It":[128],"introduces":[129],"tiered":[131],"classification":[132],"measuring":[135],"resemblance,":[136],"explores":[137],"how":[138,150],"artificial":[139],"intelligence":[140],"maps":[141],"similarity":[143],"within":[144,203,248],"high-dimensional":[145],"feature":[146],"spaces,":[147],"examines":[149],"perception":[152],"naturally":[153],"categorizes":[154],"physical":[156],"patterns":[157,184],"into":[158],"work":[162],"further":[163,276],"global":[166],"digital":[167],"networks":[168],"social":[170],"have":[172],"dramatically":[173],"increased":[174],"humanity's":[175],"exposure":[176],"forms,":[180],"making":[181],"previously":[182],"unnoticed":[183],"more":[185],"visible":[186],"than":[187],"at":[188],"any":[189],"other":[190],"point":[191],"in":[192,233],"history.Beyond":[193],"resemblance":[195],"itself,":[196],"hypothesis":[198],"situates":[199],"broader":[205],"theory":[206],"natural":[208],"pattern":[209],"formation,":[210],"proposing":[211],"attractors,":[215],"constraints,":[217],"mathematical":[219],"regularities":[220],"generate":[221],"forms":[223],"throughout":[224],"nature.":[225],"While":[226],"emphasizing":[227],"every":[229],"individual":[230],"remains":[231],"unique":[232],"identity,":[234],"experience,":[235],"personal":[237],"history,":[238],"suggests":[241],"faces":[244],"occupy":[245],"regions":[247],"larger":[250],"landscape":[251],"possibility.":[254],"study":[256],"concludes":[257],"with":[258],"proposed":[260],"agenda":[262],"involving":[263],"double-blind":[264],"testing,":[265],"advanced":[266],"biometric":[267],"analysis,":[268],"three-dimensional":[269],"modeling,":[271],"genetic":[273],"cross-referencing":[274],"evaluate":[277],"existence":[279],"distribution":[281],"archetypes":[285]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2026-10-30T00:00:00"}
