{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224535267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1590/scielopreprints.18188","title":"Provenance-Aware PCR6 for Conflicting Evidence in Retrieval-Augmented Generation","display_name":"Provenance-Aware PCR6 for Conflicting Evidence in Retrieval-Augmented Generation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224535267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1590/scielopreprints.18188"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1590/scielopreprints.18188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1590/scielopreprints.18188","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1590/scielopreprints.18188","pdf_url":"https://preprints.scielo.org/index.php/scielo/preprint/download/18188/37775/38735","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://preprints.scielo.org/index.php/scielo/preprint/download/18188/37775/38735","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012703845","display_name":"Florent\u00edn Smarandache","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5560-5926","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5560-5926"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169521973","display_name":"University of New Mexico","ror":"https://ror.org/05fs6jp91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florentin Smarandache","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New Mexico image/svg+xml"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5560-5926","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New Mexico image/svg+xml","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047918385","display_name":"Maikel Yelandi Leyva V\u00e1zquez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7911-5879","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7911-5879"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2405095","display_name":"University of Guayaquil","ror":"https://ror.org/047kyg834","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2405095"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maikel Yelandi Leyva V\u00e1zquez","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Guayaquil image/svg+xml"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7911-5879","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Guayaquil image/svg+xml","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2405095"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082354765","display_name":"Jean Dezert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3474-9186","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3474-9186"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean Dezert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher, Orl\u00e9ans, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3474-9186","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher, Orl\u00e9ans, France","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10050","display_name":"Multi-Criteria Decision Making","score":0.5321999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10050","display_name":"Multi-Criteria Decision Making","score":0.5321999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.14169999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.04129999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retrieval-augmented-generation","display_name":"retrieval-augmented generation","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conflicting-evidence","display_name":"conflicting evidence","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dezert-smarandache-theory","display_name":"Dezert-Smarandache theory","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dempster-shafer-evidence-theory","display_name":"Dempster-Shafer theory","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evidence-combination","display_name":"evidence combination","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misinformation","display_name":"misinformation","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-inference","display_name":"natural language inference","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-source-data-fusion","display_name":"multi-source data fusion","score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-dependence","display_name":"source dependence","score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/belief-function-theory","display_name":"belief functions","score":0.31299999356269836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35405484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4967066","display_name":"Brier score","level":2,"score":0.6626999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.6384999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5727999806404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778732403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815577","display_name":"Ignorance","level":2,"score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.49480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4359000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778067643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166507","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.3840999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3614000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3431999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.32420000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95611797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17502105","display_name":"Infimum and supremum","level":2,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74080474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7305975","display_name":"Redistribution (election)","level":3,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177769412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278090","display_name":"Prior probability","level":3,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122203268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5862903","display_name":"Probability theory","level":2,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018824978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2894891","display_name":"Error analysis","level":2,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191252586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671453","display_name":"Interval arithmetic","level":3,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140146324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144319","display_name":"Predicate (mathematical logic)","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92224547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1673216","display_name":"Probability of error","level":2,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.26460000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.25529998540878296}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1590/scielopreprints.18188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1590/scielopreprints.18188","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1590/scielopreprints.18188","pdf_url":"https://preprints.scielo.org/index.php/scielo/preprint/download/18188/37775/38735","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1590/scielopreprints.18188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1590/scielopreprints.18188","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1590/scielopreprints.18188","pdf_url":"https://preprints.scielo.org/index.php/scielo/preprint/download/18188/37775/38735","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224535267.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224535267.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1734344209","https://openalex.org/W1781753260","https://openalex.org/W1987929427","https://openalex.org/W2025720061","https://openalex.org/W2039125701","https://openalex.org/W2048196003","https://openalex.org/W2066843515","https://openalex.org/W2096088275","https://openalex.org/W2166309553","https://openalex.org/W2406470551","https://openalex.org/W2559544114","https://openalex.org/W2607892599","https://openalex.org/W2950918302","https://openalex.org/W2978017171","https://openalex.org/W3007690119","https://openalex.org/W4377865953","https://openalex.org/W4385570777","https://openalex.org/W4385769665","https://openalex.org/W4389613952","https://openalex.org/W4417091775","https://openalex.org/W7131860624"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7168270346","https://openalex.org/W7119492048","https://openalex.org/W7215126129","https://openalex.org/W4417091775","https://openalex.org/W7202343207","https://openalex.org/W7161683657","https://openalex.org/W7211938472","https://openalex.org/W7203909338","https://openalex.org/W7164529645","https://openalex.org/W4417531132"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Retrieval-augmented":[0],"generation":[1],"(RAG)":[2],"must":[3],"often":[4],"combine":[5],"passages":[6],"that":[7,201,236],"are":[8],"ambiguous,":[9],"redundant,":[10],"or":[11,281],"mutually":[12],"contradictory.":[13],"This":[14],"study":[15],"asks":[16],"whether":[17],"proportional":[18],"conflict":[19],"redistribution":[20],"from":[21,168,300],"the":[22,38,42,92,105,187,191,197,207,260,286,294,298],"Dezert-Smarandache":[23],"theory":[24],"(DSmT)":[25],"provides":[26],"a":[27,268,273],"measurable":[28],"advantage":[29],"over":[30],"Dempster-Shafer":[31],"(DS)":[32],"combination":[33],"when":[34],"both":[35,226],"rules":[36,199,291],"receive":[37],"same":[39,43,202],"evidence":[40,265],"and":[41,59,81,87,104,124,144,174,289,297],"control":[44],"for":[45,89,170],"source":[46],"dependence.":[47],"Eight":[48],"fusion":[49,288],"methods":[50],"were":[51],"evaluated":[52],"on":[53,152,293],"500":[54],"RAMDocs":[55,154,210,261],"(Retrieval":[56],"with":[57],"Ambiguity":[58],"Misinformation":[60],"in":[61,64,200],"Documents)":[62],"questions":[63],"three":[65,198],"conditions.":[66],"Under":[67],"duplicated":[68],"misinformation,":[69],"provenance-aware":[70],"PCR6":[71,123,131,171,214,278],"(Proportional":[72],"Conflict":[73],"Redistribution":[74],"rule":[75,189],"#6)":[76],"reached":[77],"80.6%":[78],"exact-set":[79,93],"accuracy":[80],"92.31%":[82],"set":[83,228,246,248],"F1,":[84],"against":[85],"78.2%":[86],"90.98%":[88],"provenance-matched":[90],"DS;":[91],"difference":[94,107],"was":[95,108,147],"2.4":[96],"percentage":[97,110],"points":[98,111],"(95%":[99,112],"bootstrap":[100,113],"interval":[101,114],"[1.2,":[102],"3.8])":[103],"F1":[106,229,249],"1.33":[109],"[0.60,":[115],"2.33]).":[116],"With":[117],"NLI":[118],"(natural":[119],"language":[120],"inference)-derived":[121],"masses,":[122],"DS":[125,188],"selected":[126],"identical":[127],"answer":[128],"sets,":[129],"but":[130,258,285],"reduced":[132,161],"Brier":[133,166,194,218,262],"error.":[134],"A":[135],"preregistered":[136],"1,000-item":[137],"multi-source":[138,275],"experiment":[139],"using":[140],"singletons,":[141],"proper":[142],"unions,":[143],"total":[145],"ignorance":[146],"followed":[148],"by":[149],"external":[150],"validation":[151],"428":[153],"items.":[155],"In":[156],"controlled":[157,203],"partial-ignorance":[158],"conflict,":[159],"PCR6+":[160,221,240,271],"BetP":[162,193,217],"(betting":[163],"probability":[164,254],"transformation)":[165,255],"error":[167,195,219],"0.3185":[169],"to":[172,178,302],"0.2733":[173],"remained":[175],"exactly":[176],"neutral":[177],"an":[179],"added":[180],"vacuous":[181,282],"BBA":[182],"(basic":[183],"belief":[184,238],"assignment),":[185],"although":[186],"achieved":[190,227],"lowest":[192],"of":[196,277],"evaluation":[204],"(0.1878).":[205],"On":[206],"prespecified":[208],"260-item":[209],"applicability":[211],"subset,":[212],"ordinary":[213],"had":[215],"lower":[216],"than":[220],"(0.2354":[222],"versus":[223],"0.2629),":[224],"while":[225],"=":[230],"0.7718.":[231],"Exploratory":[232],"decision":[233,290],"sensitivity":[234],"showed":[235],"maximum":[237],"gave":[239],"its":[241],"best":[242,287],"hard-decision":[243],"result":[244],"(exact":[245],"0.5077;":[247],"0.7859),":[250],"whereas":[251],"DSmP":[252],"(Dezert-Smarandache":[253],"sharpened":[256],"rankings":[257],"worsened":[259],"score.":[263],"The":[264],"therefore":[266],"supports":[267],"bounded":[269],"claim:":[270],"corrects":[272],"structural":[274],"weakness":[276],"under":[279],"broad":[280],"focal":[283],"evidence,":[284],"depend":[292],"downstream":[295],"loss":[296],"mapping":[299],"text":[301],"BBAs.":[303]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-30T00:00:00"}
