{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224490346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20261004.11","title":"Seasonal Variation in Milk Quality and Somatic Cell Count of Friesian Crossbred Cows in Southern Highlands, Tanzania","display_name":"Seasonal Variation in Milk Quality and Somatic Cell Count of Friesian Crossbred Cows in Southern Highlands, Tanzania","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224490346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20261004.11"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.11648/j.ijast.20261004.11","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20261004.11","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20261004.11","pdf_url":"http://article.sciencepg.com/pdf/j.ijast.20261004.11","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210236654","display_name":"International Journal of Animal Science and Technology","issn_l":"2640-1282","issn":["2640-1282","2640-1312"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319272","host_organization_name":"Science Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319272"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Science Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Animal Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"http://article.sciencepg.com/pdf/j.ijast.20261004.11","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060398656","display_name":"Charles Mpemba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2456-7439","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2456-7439"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405286716","display_name":"Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Mifugo Tanzania","ror":"https://ror.org/02wmzxz62","country_code":"TZ","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405286716"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charles Mpemba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tanzania Livestock Research Institute, Mbeya, Tanzania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2456-7439","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tanzania Livestock Research Institute, Mbeya, Tanzania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405286716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113353896","display_name":"Seleman Nasib Masola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3602-7462","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3602-7462"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405286716","display_name":"Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Mifugo Tanzania","ror":"https://ror.org/02wmzxz62","country_code":"TZ","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405286716"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Selemani Masola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tanzania Livestock Research Institute, Mbeya, Tanzania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3602-7462","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tanzania Livestock Research Institute, Mbeya, Tanzania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405286716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048063081","display_name":"Edwin Peter Chang\u2019a","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8978-6921","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8978-6921"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405286716","display_name":"Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Mifugo Tanzania","ror":"https://ror.org/02wmzxz62","country_code":"TZ","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405286716"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edwin Chang\u2019a","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tanzania Livestock Research Institute, Mbeya, Tanzania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tanzania Livestock Research Institute, Mbeya, Tanzania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405286716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073752071","display_name":"Lokoo Mwaipopo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5653-5452","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5653-5452"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405286716","display_name":"Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Mifugo Tanzania","ror":"https://ror.org/02wmzxz62","country_code":"TZ","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405286716"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lokoo Mwaipopo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tanzania Livestock Research Institute, Mbeya, Tanzania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5653-5452","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tanzania Livestock Research Institute, Mbeya, Tanzania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405286716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003453484","display_name":"Mwemezi Lutakyawa Kabululu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8621-9411","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8621-9411"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405286716","display_name":"Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Mifugo Tanzania","ror":"https://ror.org/02wmzxz62","country_code":"TZ","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405286716"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mwemezi Kabululu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tanzania Livestock Research Institute, Mpwapwa, Tanzania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8621-9411","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tanzania Livestock Research Institute, Mpwapwa, Tanzania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405286716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054577474","display_name":"Wilson Charles Wilson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8020-7188","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8020-7188"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97231232","display_name":"Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/041vsn055","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97231232"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wilson Wilson","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8020-7188","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97231232"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015681353","display_name":"Eliamoni Titus Lyatuu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9909-2117","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9909-2117"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58422712","display_name":"International Livestock Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01jxjwb74","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286583668","https://openalex.org/I58422712"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eliamon Lyatuu","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Livestock Research Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9909-2117","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Livestock Research Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58422712"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060398656"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405286716"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8743846,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"4","first_page":"94","last_page":"102"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11226","display_name":"Milk Quality and Mastitis in Dairy Cows","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11226","display_name":"Milk Quality and Mastitis in Dairy Cows","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12365","display_name":"Effects of Environmental Stressors on Livestock","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10594","display_name":"Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seasonal-variation","display_name":"seasonal variation","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/milk-quality","display_name":"milk quality","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/somatic-cell-count","display_name":"somatic cell count","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/udder-health","display_name":"udder health","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subclinical-mastitis","display_name":"subclinical mastitis","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/milk-fat","display_name":"milk fat","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/freezing-point","display_name":"freezing point","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-conductivity","display_name":"electrical conductivity","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/southern-highlands-of-tanzania","display_name":"Southern Highlands of Tanzania","score":0.7509999871253967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776921810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624043","display_name":"Udder","level":3,"score":0.8827000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779357621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655495","display_name":"Tanzania","level":2,"score":0.7476999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125403950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111082","display_name":"Seasonality","level":2,"score":0.6783000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776792119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2917352","display_name":"Somatic cell count","level":5,"score":0.6676999926567078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.6517000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9777977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146575","display_name":"Dry season","level":2,"score":0.6370999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52322663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3117517","display_name":"Wet season","level":2,"score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173419221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4390467","display_name":"Crossbreed","level":2,"score":0.5655999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140793950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091","display_name":"Animal science","level":1,"score":0.5587000250816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112964050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103459","display_name":"Livestock","level":2,"score":0.43619999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020541086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637776","display_name":"Milk production","level":2,"score":0.42809998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42972112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170201","display_name":"Veterinary medicine","level":1,"score":0.4244999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776977481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2915","display_name":"Dairy cattle","level":2,"score":0.4090999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778691696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14096331","display_name":"Dairy farming","level":3,"score":0.3490000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13377214","display_name":"Forage","level":2,"score":0.33059999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778724459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127900","display_name":"Lactose","level":2,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776344049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835061","display_name":"Mastitis","level":2,"score":0.3206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778498626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2736146","display_name":"Sheep milk","level":2,"score":0.30709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61968832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80962","display_name":"Animal husbandry","level":3,"score":0.30390000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779073587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192746","display_name":"Colostrum","level":3,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129360787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2466917","display_name":"Total dissolved solids","level":2,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547646559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162297","display_name":"Hygiene","level":2,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3239189","display_name":"Grazing","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780548643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1768951","display_name":"Bulk tank","level":3,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776659692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719426","display_name":"Lactation","level":3,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.11648/j.ijast.20261004.11","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20261004.11","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20261004.11","pdf_url":"http://article.sciencepg.com/pdf/j.ijast.20261004.11","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210236654","display_name":"International Journal of Animal Science and Technology","issn_l":"2640-1282","issn":["2640-1282","2640-1312"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319272","host_organization_name":"Science Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319272"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Science Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Animal Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.11648/j.ijast.20261004.11","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20261004.11","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20261004.11","pdf_url":"http://article.sciencepg.com/pdf/j.ijast.20261004.11","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210236654","display_name":"International Journal of Animal Science and Technology","issn_l":"2640-1282","issn":["2640-1282","2640-1312"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319272","host_organization_name":"Science Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319272"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Science Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Animal Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328548","display_name":"International Livestock Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01jxjwb74"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224490346.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224490346.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000969439","https://openalex.org/W2008419698","https://openalex.org/W2009008029","https://openalex.org/W2050980662","https://openalex.org/W2086462346","https://openalex.org/W2104944301","https://openalex.org/W2113822587","https://openalex.org/W2118097625","https://openalex.org/W2120184670","https://openalex.org/W2171488110","https://openalex.org/W2357577420","https://openalex.org/W2523216277","https://openalex.org/W2544337090","https://openalex.org/W2547927232","https://openalex.org/W2558355285","https://openalex.org/W2734326979","https://openalex.org/W2769668997","https://openalex.org/W2945308196","https://openalex.org/W2946973025","https://openalex.org/W4205951598","https://openalex.org/W4231701999","https://openalex.org/W4378906653","https://openalex.org/W4382939902","https://openalex.org/W4394060974","https://openalex.org/W4404119581","https://openalex.org/W7124720708"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2568610893","https://openalex.org/W7132683616","https://openalex.org/W7160866522","https://openalex.org/W7139988986","https://openalex.org/W4387240306","https://openalex.org/W4402603556","https://openalex.org/W1553569880","https://openalex.org/W2464865167","https://openalex.org/W4312881758","https://openalex.org/W2318706167"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Seasonal":[0],"variations":[1],"in":[2,22,47,177,200],"environmental":[3,168],"conditions":[4,169],"and":[5,13,42,81,86,116,129,143,154,174,181,193],"forage":[6],"availability":[7],"can":[8],"substantially":[9,170],"influence":[10,171],"milk":[11,39,71,92,145,172,191],"composition":[12],"udder":[14,141,175],"health,":[15],"yet":[16],"information":[17],"from":[18,75],"dairy":[19,179,202],"production":[20,55],"systems":[21,180],"the":[23,33,58,79,101,123,136,183,195],"Southern":[24],"Highlands":[25],"of":[26,35,69,84,103,149,185,197],"Tanzania":[27,59],"remains":[28],"limited.":[29],"This":[30],"study":[31],"evaluated":[32],"effects":[34],"season":[36,104],"on":[37,110],"physicochemical":[38],"quality":[40,173,192],"parameters":[41],"somatic":[43],"cell":[44],"count":[45],"(SCC)":[46],"Friesian":[48],"crossbred":[49],"cows":[50,77],"managed":[51],"under":[52],"a":[53],"semi-intensive":[54,178],"system":[56],"at":[57],"Livestock":[60],"Research":[61],"Institute":[62],"(TALIRI)":[63],"Uyole":[64],"Dairy":[65],"Farm.":[66],"A":[67],"total":[68],"640":[70],"samples":[72],"were":[73,97,119,132],"collected":[74],"20":[76],"during":[78,122,135,147],"rainy":[80,137],"dry":[82,124],"seasons":[83],"2024":[85],"analyzed":[87],"using":[88],"an":[89],"ultrasonic":[90],"Lactoscan":[91],"analyzer.":[93],"Linear":[94],"mixed-effects":[95],"models":[96],"used":[98],"to":[99,189],"assess":[100],"effect":[102],"while":[105],"accounting":[106],"for":[107],"repeated":[108],"measurements":[109],"individual":[111],"cows.":[112],"Milk":[113],"fat":[114],"content":[115],"freezing":[117],"point":[118],"significantly":[120,133,160],"higher":[121,134],"season,":[125,138],"whereas":[126],"electrical":[127],"conductivity":[128],"log-transformed":[130],"SCC":[131],"indicating":[139],"poorer":[140],"health":[142,176],"reduced":[144],"hygiene":[146],"periods":[148],"increased":[150],"moisture.":[151],"Protein,":[152],"lactose,":[153],"solids-not-fat":[155],"contents":[156],"did":[157],"not":[158],"differ":[159],"between":[161],"seasons.":[162],"These":[163],"findings":[164],"demonstrate":[165],"that":[166],"seasonal":[167],"highlight":[182],"importance":[184],"season-specific":[186],"management":[187],"strategies":[188],"improve":[190],"reduce":[194],"risk":[196],"subclinical":[198],"mastitis":[199],"tropical":[201],"production.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-02T09:45:03.842371","created_date":"2026-10-30T00:00:00"}
