{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224481200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-026-01281-z","title":"Synergistic stabilization of expansive clay using cement kiln dust, calcium carbide residue, and polypropylene fibers for pavement subgrades","display_name":"Synergistic stabilization of expansive clay using cement kiln dust, calcium carbide residue, and polypropylene fibers for pavement subgrades","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224481200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-026-01281-z"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41939-026-01281-z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-026-01281-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-026-01281-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41939-026-01281-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210198111","display_name":"Multiscale and Multidisciplinary Modeling Experiments and Design","issn_l":"2520-8160","issn":["2520-8160","2520-8179"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multiscale and Multidisciplinary Modeling, Experiments and Design","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41939-026-01281-z.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081219217","display_name":"Mohammad Irshad Malik","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I101407740","display_name":"Chandigarh University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t4pvx35","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I101407740"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Irshad Malik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Civil Engineering Department, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering Department, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101407740"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101539701","display_name":"Abhishek Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0495-435X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0495-435X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801240201","display_name":"Rayat Bahra University","ror":"https://ror.org/03564kq40","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801240201"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhishek Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Bahra Research Innovation and Knowledge Cluster (BRIKC), Rayat Bahra University, Greater Mohali, 140103, Punjab, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0495-435X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Bahra Research Innovation and Knowledge Cluster (BRIKC), Rayat Bahra University, Greater Mohali, 140103, Punjab, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801240201"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098670302","display_name":"Amenjor Senagah","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149743910","display_name":"University of Liberia","ror":"https://ror.org/0440cy367","country_code":"LR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149743910"]}],"countries":["LR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amenjor Senagah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149743910"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5098670302"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149743910"],"apc_list":{"value":3490,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3490},"apc_paid":{"value":3490,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3490},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77170829,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11375","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Stabilization","score":0.8115000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11375","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Stabilization","score":0.8115000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13236","display_name":"Geotechnical and construction materials studies","score":0.18629999458789825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13140","display_name":"Materials Engineering and Processing","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expansive-clay","display_name":"expansive clay","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cement-kiln-dust","display_name":"cement kiln dust","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calcium-carbide-residue","display_name":"calcium carbide residue","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polypropylene-fibers","display_name":"polypropylene fibers","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pavement-subgrade","display_name":"pavement subgrade","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilient-modulus","display_name":"resilient modulus","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/california-bearing-ratio","display_name":"California bearing ratio","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unconfined-compressive-strength","display_name":"unconfined compressive strength","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-by-product-utilization","display_name":"industrial by-product utilization","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atterberg-limits","display_name":"Atterberg limits","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plasticity","display_name":"plasticity","score":0.4390000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37646163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026797","display_name":"California bearing ratio","level":3,"score":0.7527999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7448999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182377489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q337829","display_name":"Subgrade","level":2,"score":0.7057999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.659600019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777973245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146174","display_name":"Polypropylene","level":2,"score":0.647599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30407753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186191","display_name":"Compressive strength","level":2,"score":0.6092000007629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523993062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190","display_name":"Cement","level":2,"score":0.5001000165939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421801","display_name":"Calcium carbide","level":2,"score":0.47760000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1121360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1626102","display_name":"Expansive clay","level":3,"score":0.4722999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778540859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152234","display_name":"Swelling","level":2,"score":0.4683000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116973930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143620","display_name":"Atterberg limits","level":3,"score":0.46129998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776955867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q748594","display_name":"Cement kiln","level":3,"score":0.45989999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.41260001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64452783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1524945","display_name":"Ternary operation","level":2,"score":0.3813000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79186407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472074","display_name":"Plasticity","level":2,"score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780189059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4185001","display_name":"Soil stabilization","level":3,"score":0.3682999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193867417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889814","display_name":"Modulus","level":2,"score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26771246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321095","display_name":"Scanning electron microscope","level":2,"score":0.3359000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43486711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192005","display_name":"Elastic modulus","level":2,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196029304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2091584","display_name":"Young's modulus","level":2,"score":0.262800008058548}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41939-026-01281-z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-026-01281-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-026-01281-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41939-026-01281-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210198111","display_name":"Multiscale and Multidisciplinary Modeling Experiments and Design","issn_l":"2520-8160","issn":["2520-8160","2520-8179"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multiscale and Multidisciplinary Modeling, Experiments and Design","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41939-026-01281-z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-026-01281-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-026-01281-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41939-026-01281-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210198111","display_name":"Multiscale and Multidisciplinary Modeling Experiments and Design","issn_l":"2520-8160","issn":["2520-8160","2520-8179"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multiscale and Multidisciplinary Modeling, Experiments and Design","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.7207000255584717,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224481200.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224481200.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991303144","https://openalex.org/W1999728078","https://openalex.org/W2011703295","https://openalex.org/W2032283069","https://openalex.org/W2326795478","https://openalex.org/W2590749834","https://openalex.org/W2599492954","https://openalex.org/W2758489046","https://openalex.org/W2921366398","https://openalex.org/W2944437824","https://openalex.org/W2953264928","https://openalex.org/W2961828670","https://openalex.org/W2962028954","https://openalex.org/W3010894071","https://openalex.org/W3029166986","https://openalex.org/W3145610905","https://openalex.org/W3162137245","https://openalex.org/W3216863451","https://openalex.org/W4224861882","https://openalex.org/W4281615560","https://openalex.org/W4294530667","https://openalex.org/W4312244253","https://openalex.org/W4323353260","https://openalex.org/W4327815189","https://openalex.org/W4385197552","https://openalex.org/W4394580732","https://openalex.org/W4409379753","https://openalex.org/W4409767012","https://openalex.org/W4410740461","https://openalex.org/W4412827259"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7166835250","https://openalex.org/W4396921279","https://openalex.org/W3108061363","https://openalex.org/W2345962586","https://openalex.org/W7171447315","https://openalex.org/W3145610905","https://openalex.org/W2898804565","https://openalex.org/W7221572898","https://openalex.org/W6960377564","https://openalex.org/W2054092942"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,26,115,140,225,245,279,318],"major":[1],"problems":[2],"associated":[3],"with":[4,36,66,306],"expansive":[5,349],"clay":[6,142,241],"are":[7],"its":[8],"high":[9,310,341],"swelling":[10],"potential,":[11],"plasticity,":[12],"moisture-sensitivity,":[13],"and":[14,39,75,95,111,132,159,184,193,209,218,263,294,330,343],"low":[15],"load-bearing":[16],"capacity,":[17],"all":[18],"of":[19,24,43,126,146,151,156,163,179,260,266,275,288,325,340],"which":[20,166,300],"challenge":[21,28,58],"the":[22,33,41,62,177,200,205,232,250,261,264,273,322,338],"subgrade":[23,171],"pavements.":[25],"main":[27],"is":[29,53,301,333],"to":[30,48,55,107,202,212,219,229,242],"simultaneously":[31],"improve":[32],"mechanical":[34,194],"performance":[35,123],"volumetric":[37],"instability":[38],"minimize":[40],"amount":[42],"conventional":[44],"stabilizing":[45],"materials":[46],"needed":[47],"achieve":[49],"this.":[50],"This":[51,196],"study":[52],"aimed":[54],"solve":[56],"this":[57],"by":[59,315],"systematically":[60],"using":[61,98],"chemical\u2013mechanical":[63],"stabilization":[64,113,308],"method":[65,336],"cement":[67],"kiln":[68],"dust":[69],"(CKD),":[70],"calcium":[71,326],"carbide":[72],"residue":[73],"(CCR),":[74],"polypropylene":[76],"fibers":[77],"(PPF).":[78],"Differential":[79],"free":[80],"swell":[81],"(DFS),":[82],"Atterberg":[83],"limits,":[84],"compaction,":[85],"unconfined":[86],"compressive":[87],"strength":[88,342],"(UCS),":[89],"soaked":[90,161,226],"California":[91],"Bearing":[92],"Ratio":[93],"(CBR),":[94],"microstructural":[96],"analysis":[97],"scanning":[99],"electron":[100],"microscopy\u2013energy-dispersive":[101],"X-ray":[102],"spectroscopy":[103],"(SEM\u2013EDS)":[104],"were":[105,118,167],"used":[106],"analyze":[108],"individual,":[109],"binary,":[110],"ternary":[112,197,281],"systems.":[114],"stabilized":[116],"mixtures":[117],"then":[119],"evaluated":[120],"for":[121,170,239,337],"pavement-subgrade":[122],"in":[124,188,284],"terms":[125],"resilient":[127,233],"modulus":[128,234],"determined":[129,314],"from":[130,236,347],"CBR":[131,162,227],"flexible":[133],"pavement":[134,286,316,345],"thickness":[135,287],"design":[136],"as":[137,270,272,313],"per":[138],"IRC:37\u20132018.":[139],"untreated":[141,240],"had":[143,252],"a":[144,148,153,160,189,253,285,334],"DFS":[145,201],"75.38%,":[147],"plasticity":[149],"index":[150],"32.2%,":[152],"28-day":[154],"UCS":[155,211],"250":[157],"kPa,":[158],"just":[164],"1.97%,":[165],"not":[168],"satisfactory":[169],"materials.":[172],"Systematic":[173],"optimization":[174],"showed":[175],"that":[176,249,321],"combination":[178],"20%":[180],"CKD,":[181],"10%":[182],"CCR":[183],"1.5%":[185],"PPF":[186],"resulted":[187,283],"most":[190],"balanced":[191],"chemical":[192],"stabilization.":[195],"system":[198],"lowered":[199],"1.10%,":[203],"made":[204],"soil":[206,251],"nearly":[207],"non-plastic":[208],"increased":[210,228,235],"1178":[213],"kPa":[214,221],"at":[215,222,291,297,309],"28":[216],"days":[217],"1318":[220],"90":[223],"days.":[224],"20.25%,":[230],"while":[231],"19.70":[237],"MPa":[238],"120.68":[243],"MPa.":[244],"SEM\u2013EDS":[246],"observations":[247],"verified":[248],"denser":[254],"structure,":[255],"fewer":[256],"pores,":[257],"better":[258],"bonding":[259],"particles":[262],"formation":[265],"calcium-based":[267],"cementitious":[268],"products,":[269],"well":[271],"presence":[274],"fiber-mediated":[276],"crack":[277],"bridging.":[278],"optimum":[280],"mixture":[282],"480":[289],"mm":[290,296,303],"5":[292],"MSA":[293],"575":[295],"50":[298],"MSA,":[299],"55":[302],"less":[304],"than":[305],"PPF-only":[307],"traffic":[311],"levels,":[312],"analysis.":[317],"results":[319],"show":[320],"combined":[323],"use":[324],"rich":[327],"industrial":[328],"by-products":[329],"fiber":[331],"reinforcement":[332],"synergistic":[335],"preparation":[339],"stability":[344],"subbase":[346],"highly":[348],"clay.":[350]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2026-10-30T00:00:00"}