{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224443328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70112","title":"Experimental Investigation on the Fire Reaction Properties of Tufted Flax\u2010Partial Bioepoxy Green Biocomposites Using Cone Calorimetry","display_name":"Experimental Investigation on the Fire Reaction Properties of Tufted Flax\u2010Partial Bioepoxy Green Biocomposites Using Cone Calorimetry","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224443328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70112"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/fam.70112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70112","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/fam.70112","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190005310","display_name":"Fire and Materials","issn_l":"0308-0501","issn":["0308-0501","1099-1018"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fire and Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/fam.70112","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029670278","display_name":"M. Rashid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5529-6027","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5529-6027"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12449238","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 d'Orl\u00e9ans","ror":"https://ror.org/014zrew76","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12449238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172780181","display_name":"University of the Punjab","ror":"https://ror.org/011maz450","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172780181"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096782","display_name":"Laboratoire Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche en Ing\u00e9nierie des Syst\u00e8mes, M\u00e9canique et Energ\u00e9tique","ror":"https://ror.org/00sbth994","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12449238","https://openalex.org/I4210096782","https://openalex.org/I4210143826"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143826","display_name":"Institut National des Sciences Appliqu\u00e9es Centre Val de Loire","ror":"https://ror.org/03y0qc033","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143826"]}],"countries":["FR","PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. Rashid","raw_affiliation_strings":["INSA Centre Val de Loire University of Orl\u00e9ans, PRISME UR 4229  Bourges France","Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology University of the Punjab  Lahore Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5529-6027","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INSA Centre Val de Loire University of Orl\u00e9ans, PRISME UR 4229  Bourges France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12449238","https://openalex.org/I4210096782","https://openalex.org/I4210143826"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology University of the Punjab  Lahore Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172780181"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160103848","display_name":"K. Chetehouna","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12449238","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 d'Orl\u00e9ans","ror":"https://ror.org/014zrew76","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12449238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096782","display_name":"Laboratoire Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche en Ing\u00e9nierie des Syst\u00e8mes, M\u00e9canique et Energ\u00e9tique","ror":"https://ror.org/00sbth994","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12449238","https://openalex.org/I4210096782","https://openalex.org/I4210143826"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143826","display_name":"Institut National des Sciences Appliqu\u00e9es Centre Val de Loire","ror":"https://ror.org/03y0qc033","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143826"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Chetehouna","raw_affiliation_strings":["INSA Centre Val de Loire University of Orl\u00e9ans, PRISME UR 4229  Bourges France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INSA Centre Val de Loire University of Orl\u00e9ans, PRISME UR 4229  Bourges France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12449238","https://openalex.org/I4210096782","https://openalex.org/I4210143826"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029670278"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12449238","https://openalex.org/I172780181","https://openalex.org/I4210096782","https://openalex.org/I4210143826"],"apc_list":{"value":3760,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3760},"apc_paid":{"value":3760,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3760},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7116159,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11360","display_name":"Flame retardant materials and properties","score":0.9564999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2507","display_name":"Polymers and Plastics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11360","display_name":"Flame retardant materials and properties","score":0.9564999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2507","display_name":"Polymers and Plastics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10513","display_name":"Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites","score":0.017899999395012856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2507","display_name":"Polymers and Plastics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11317","display_name":"Fire dynamics and safety research","score":0.012000000104308128,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flame-retardancy","display_name":"flame retardancy","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flame-retardant-coatings","display_name":"fire-retardant coatings","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-release-rate","display_name":"heat release rate","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoke-production","display_name":"smoke production","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mass-loss-rate","display_name":"mass loss rate","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-to-ignition","display_name":"ignition time","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tufting","display_name":"tufting","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biodegradable-composites","display_name":"biodegradable composites","score":0.7360000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33374538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2934364","display_name":"Cone calorimeter","level":4,"score":0.9488000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205474432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1354051","display_name":"Fire retardant","level":2,"score":0.8075000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6818000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58874564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130768","display_name":"Smoke","level":2,"score":0.6371999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.574999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777869788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864417","display_name":"Biocomposite","level":3,"score":0.5491999983787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202270520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q634314","display_name":"Calorimetry","level":2,"score":0.5005999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781465349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1186323","display_name":"Fire performance","level":3,"score":0.48989999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781448156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1570182","display_name":"Coating","level":2,"score":0.4609000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39519442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q904893","display_name":"Differential scanning calorimetry","level":2,"score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82930556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5457177","display_name":"Flame spread","level":3,"score":0.3747999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.3531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140277857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q306818","display_name":"Burn rate (chemistry)","level":3,"score":0.32989999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96369861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q452996","display_name":"Intumescent","level":3,"score":0.30970001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779240047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3283022","display_name":"Crashworthiness","level":3,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124363303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898221","display_name":"Fire test","level":2,"score":0.28450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77595967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3151013","display_name":"Forensic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166050371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910035","display_name":"Combustibility","level":3,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18073261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1722586","display_name":"Calorimeter (particle physics)","level":3,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104779481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50707","display_name":"Composite number","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175113610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3394849","display_name":"Reaction rate","level":3,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104304963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5316114","display_name":"Durability","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122156500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41399","display_name":"Fire protection","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/fam.70112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70112","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/fam.70112","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190005310","display_name":"Fire and Materials","issn_l":"0308-0501","issn":["0308-0501","1099-1018"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fire and Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/fam.70112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70112","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/fam.70112","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190005310","display_name":"Fire and Materials","issn_l":"0308-0501","issn":["0308-0501","1099-1018"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fire and Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.4399999976158142}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1352154937","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"/2018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322799","funder_display_name":"Higher Education Commission, Pakistan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322799","display_name":"Higher Education Commission, Pakistan","ror":"https://ror.org/038y3sz68"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224443328.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224443328.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W612572032","https://openalex.org/W620916533","https://openalex.org/W1604089627","https://openalex.org/W1988282834","https://openalex.org/W1988467661","https://openalex.org/W2015856816","https://openalex.org/W2020892672","https://openalex.org/W2042463210","https://openalex.org/W2047621895","https://openalex.org/W2062876243","https://openalex.org/W2073478088","https://openalex.org/W2082049182","https://openalex.org/W2086968664","https://openalex.org/W2088250310","https://openalex.org/W2088474740","https://openalex.org/W2113965727","https://openalex.org/W2156579192","https://openalex.org/W2268710138","https://openalex.org/W2286666652","https://openalex.org/W2555514861","https://openalex.org/W2615149531","https://openalex.org/W2758346976","https://openalex.org/W2802806039","https://openalex.org/W2803849869","https://openalex.org/W2903347697","https://openalex.org/W2914946477","https://openalex.org/W2927285042","https://openalex.org/W2947407662","https://openalex.org/W2974554175","https://openalex.org/W3108057566","https://openalex.org/W3121912439","https://openalex.org/W3137201589","https://openalex.org/W4200235349","https://openalex.org/W4224285306","https://openalex.org/W4285732158","https://openalex.org/W4312140513","https://openalex.org/W4312172636","https://openalex.org/W4324054301","https://openalex.org/W4378673087","https://openalex.org/W4385326888","https://openalex.org/W4392936642","https://openalex.org/W4394980378","https://openalex.org/W4400762170"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4378673087","https://openalex.org/W4405137749","https://openalex.org/W4384928702","https://openalex.org/W4312833666","https://openalex.org/W4213159135","https://openalex.org/W4401249407","https://openalex.org/W4387743035","https://openalex.org/W2024303451","https://openalex.org/W4416252515","https://openalex.org/W4396689685"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"This":[1],"research":[2],"work":[3],"elaborates":[4],"on":[5,61,107,117,122],"scientific":[6],"investigation":[7],"into":[8],"the":[9,103,118,124,128,137,149,157,164,210,213,223],"fire":[10,23,63,108,218,224],"reaction":[11,109,225],"properties":[12,110,226],"of":[13,105,111,120,127,142,152,160,215,227],"a":[14,36,45,93,146,175,207],"hybrid":[15],"tufted":[16,153,171,230],"green":[17],"biocomposite":[18,40],"(GBC)":[19],"with":[20],"and":[21,47,77,97,162,182,202,217,242,248],"without":[22],"retardant":[24,219],"coating.":[25],"Samples":[26],"are":[27],"exposed":[28],"to":[29,43,50,72,145,191],"50":[30],"KW/m":[31],"2":[32],"heat":[33,68,139,161],"flux":[34],"using":[35],"cone":[37,56],"calorimeter.":[38],"The":[39,55,130,170],"is":[41,90,100,197],"engineered":[42],"offer":[44],"sustainable":[46],"biodegradable":[48],"alternative":[49],"traditional":[51],"petroleum\u2010based":[52],"composite":[53],"materials.":[54],"calorimeter":[57],"tests":[58],"provide":[59],"data":[60,99],"critical":[62],"performance":[64],"parameters,":[65],"such":[66,244],"as":[67,245],"release":[69,140],"rate,":[70,179],"time":[71],"ignition,":[73],"mass":[74,177],"loss":[75,178],"rate":[76,141,165],"total":[78,193],"smoke":[79,194,204],"production.":[80],"Literature":[81],"review":[82],"vis\u2010a\u2010vis":[83],"tufting":[84,106,121,135,216],"studies":[85],"reveal":[86],"that":[87,134],"this":[88,114],"technique":[89],"assessed":[91],"from":[92],"mechanical":[94],"viewpoint":[95],"only":[96],"no":[98],"found":[101,190],"regarding":[102],"effect":[104,119],"composites.":[112],"Therefore,":[113],"study":[115],"focuses":[116],"improving":[123,200],"flame":[125,168],"retardancy":[126],"material.":[129],"outcomes":[131],"have":[132],"indicated":[133],"reduces":[136,163],"peak":[138],"GBC":[143],"due":[144],"reduction":[147],"in":[148,221,237,246],"surface":[150],"area":[151],"structure,":[154],"which":[155,167,196],"obstructs":[156],"quick":[158],"transfer":[159],"at":[166],"spreads.":[169],"samples":[172],"also":[173],"exhibited":[174],"lower":[176],"suggesting":[180],"slow":[181],"gradual":[183],"material":[184],"degradation":[185],"during":[186,206],"combustion.":[187],"Tufting":[188],"was":[189],"decrease":[192],"production,":[195],"beneficial":[198],"for":[199,235],"visibility":[201],"reducing":[203],"inhalation":[205],"fire.":[208],"Overall,":[209],"findings":[211],"highlight":[212],"efficacy":[214],"coating":[220],"enhancing":[222],"GBC.":[228],"Consequently,":[229],"GBCs":[231],"hold":[232],"significant":[233],"potential":[234],"applications":[236],"areas":[238],"requiring":[239],"both":[240],"sustainability":[241],"safety,":[243],"construction":[247],"transport":[249],"industries.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2026-10-30T00:00:00"}