{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224416525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1113/ep093965","title":"Effects of creatine supplementation on lean mass, muscle size and muscle performance during immobilisation and rehabilitation: A systematic review","display_name":"Effects of creatine supplementation on lean mass, muscle size and muscle performance during immobilisation and rehabilitation: A systematic review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224416525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1113/ep093965","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42952382","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13717316"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1113/ep093965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1113/ep093965","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1113/ep093965","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1113/EP093965","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S65894173","display_name":"Experimental Physiology","issn_l":"0958-0670","issn":["0958-0670","1469-445X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Experimental Physiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1113/EP093965","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026967995","display_name":"Jedd Pratt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7410-078X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7410-078X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jedd Pratt","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Sport and Exercise Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport  Manchester UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7410-078X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Sport and Exercise Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport  Manchester UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022219487","display_name":"Darren Glenn Candow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6655-4482","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6655-4482","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6264-9388"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194028371","display_name":"University of Regina","ror":"https://ror.org/03dzc0485","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194028371"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Darren G. Candow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies University of Regina  Regina Saskatchewan Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies University of Regina  Regina Saskatchewan Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194028371"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022721640","display_name":"Eric S. Rawson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10452050","display_name":"Messiah University","ror":"https://ror.org/03wanmk11","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10452050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric S. Rawson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health, Nutrition and Exercise Science Messiah University  Mechanicsburg Pennsylvania USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health, Nutrition and Exercise Science Messiah University  Mechanicsburg Pennsylvania USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10452050"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066292717","display_name":"Scott C. Forbes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6896-5552","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6896-5552"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48890080","display_name":"Brandon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qp25a50","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48890080"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott C. Forbes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Education Studies Brandon University  Brandon Manitoba Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Education Studies Brandon University  Brandon Manitoba Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48890080"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070794813","display_name":"Konstantinos Prokopidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6264-9388","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6264-9388","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1847-2658"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos Prokopidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6264-9388","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026967995"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"],"apc_list":{"value":2940,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2940},"apc_paid":{"value":2940,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2940},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5942029,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11399","display_name":"Muscle metabolism and nutrition","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11399","display_name":"Muscle metabolism and nutrition","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10441","display_name":"Muscle Physiology and Disorders","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10397","display_name":"Nutrition and Health in Aging","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/creatine-monohydrate","display_name":"creatine monohydrate","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/creatine-supplementation","display_name":"creatine supplementation","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disuse-muscle-atrophy","display_name":"disuse atrophy","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rehabilitation","display_name":"rehabilitation","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lean-body-mass","display_name":"lean body mass","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/muscle-size","display_name":"muscle size","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/muscle-performance","display_name":"muscle performance","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/muscle-strength","display_name":"muscle strength","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/muscle-power","display_name":"muscle power","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/muscular-endurance","display_name":"muscular endurance","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-sectional-area","display_name":"cross-sectional area","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistance-training","display_name":"resistance training","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioelectrical-impedance-analysis","display_name":"bioelectrical impedance analysis","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dual-energy-x-ray-absorptiometry","display_name":"dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry","score":0.9549999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120863210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17064264","display_name":"Lean body mass","level":3,"score":0.8011999726295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33872192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864287","display_name":"Bioelectrical impedance analysis","level":3,"score":0.7382000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779896295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223600","display_name":"Creatine","level":2,"score":0.6672000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1787939","display_name":"Sarcopenia","level":2,"score":0.6118000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27081682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269829","display_name":"Placebo","level":3,"score":0.5932000279426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910054578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223600","display_name":"Creatine Monohydrate","level":4,"score":0.5794000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.5424000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992343062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048687","display_name":"Muscle mass","level":2,"score":0.5192000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020755666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17064264","display_name":"Lean tissue","level":3,"score":0.4925999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.47369998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1819478","display_name":"Rehabilitation","level":2,"score":0.4408000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.39160001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988918651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048687","display_name":"Muscle strength","level":2,"score":0.38029998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993908498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504536","display_name":"Quadriceps muscle","level":2,"score":0.38029998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.3716999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908924572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q645858","display_name":"Nutritional Supplementation","level":2,"score":0.37040001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.3370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43893838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840545","display_name":"Sports medicine","level":2,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776478404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1105187","display_name":"Cochrane Library","level":3,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103486182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1216236","display_name":"Isometric exercise","level":2,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018708532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q713102","display_name":"Lower body","level":2,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133165541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472094","display_name":"Exercise physiology","level":2,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1008401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184681","display_name":"Anabolism","level":2,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140793950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091","display_name":"Animal science","level":1,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.25450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992853932","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10990","display_name":"Lean meat","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1113/ep093965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1113/ep093965","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1113/ep093965","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1113/EP093965","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S65894173","display_name":"Experimental Physiology","issn_l":"0958-0670","issn":["0958-0670","1469-445X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Experimental Physiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13717316","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13717316/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13717316/pdf/EPH-9999-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Exp Physiol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42952382","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42952382","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Experimental physiology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1113/ep093965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1113/ep093965","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1113/ep093965","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1113/EP093965","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S65894173","display_name":"Experimental Physiology","issn_l":"0958-0670","issn":["0958-0670","1469-445X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Experimental Physiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.98580002784729}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224416525.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224416525.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1796007782","https://openalex.org/W1827448306","https://openalex.org/W1849159432","https://openalex.org/W1928790458","https://openalex.org/W1972818742","https://openalex.org/W1993444633","https://openalex.org/W1997591046","https://openalex.org/W1998432767","https://openalex.org/W2011927267","https://openalex.org/W2026181696","https://openalex.org/W2044794281","https://openalex.org/W2051446390","https://openalex.org/W2054897574","https://openalex.org/W2055176315","https://openalex.org/W2065455606","https://openalex.org/W2094374136","https://openalex.org/W2100497666","https://openalex.org/W2117347524","https://openalex.org/W2128018577","https://openalex.org/W2159802435","https://openalex.org/W2224021986","https://openalex.org/W2568037712","https://openalex.org/W2765246109","https://openalex.org/W2788777662","https://openalex.org/W2912146292","https://openalex.org/W2970684805","https://openalex.org/W2989832452","https://openalex.org/W3012705147","https://openalex.org/W3014842600","https://openalex.org/W3023008036","https://openalex.org/W3106570011","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W4281388555","https://openalex.org/W4294990903","https://openalex.org/W4361005395","https://openalex.org/W4389346226","https://openalex.org/W4401359479","https://openalex.org/W4403835094","https://openalex.org/W4405768767","https://openalex.org/W4406269614","https://openalex.org/W4407099956","https://openalex.org/W4408739882","https://openalex.org/W4414030087"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7162573728","https://openalex.org/W4394504973","https://openalex.org/W1972818742","https://openalex.org/W1993444633","https://openalex.org/W2081453457","https://openalex.org/W2760343076","https://openalex.org/W2568037712","https://openalex.org/W4403295299","https://openalex.org/W4378745739","https://openalex.org/W2390091993"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Creatine":[0],"monohydrate":[1],"(CrM)":[2],"supplementation":[3,28,117,173,196,225,245],"has":[4],"established":[5],"benefits":[6],"in":[7,87,118,174,240,252],"exercising":[8],"populations;":[9],"however,":[10],"its":[11],"efficacy":[12],"during":[13,40,102],"disuse":[14,43,77,103,262],"and":[15,34,44,51,100,213,255,264],"subsequent":[16],"rehabilitation":[17,248],"remains":[18],"unclear.":[19],"This":[20],"systematic":[21],"review":[22],"assessed":[23,92],"the":[24],"effects":[25],"of":[26,42,49,151,159,185,261],"CrM":[27,99,116,172,195,224,244],"on":[29,163],"muscle":[30,35,160,164,233,241],"size,":[31],"lean":[32,120,128,204,235],"mass":[33,121,129,205,236],"performance":[36,165],"(strength,":[37],"power,":[38],"endurance)":[39],"periods":[41],"rehabilitation.":[45,189],"PubMed,":[46],"Scopus,":[47],"Web":[48],"Science":[50],"Cochrane":[52],"Library":[53],"were":[54,68,166],"searched":[55],"from":[56,115,171],"inception":[57],"to":[58,230],"March":[59],"2026":[60],"following":[61,249],"PRISMA":[62],"guidelines.":[63],"Six":[64],"randomised":[65],"placebo-controlled":[66],"trials":[67],"included":[69,182],"(n":[70],"=":[71],"118,":[72],"mean":[73],"ages:":[74],"15-24":[75],"years,":[76],"model:":[78],"1-2":[79],"weeks":[80],"limb-immobilisation).":[81],"Two":[82,190],"studies":[83,181],"reported":[84,112,191],"comparable":[85],"reductions":[86,114],"quadriceps":[88,198],"cross-sectional":[89],"area":[90],"(CSA;":[91],"via":[93,134],"CT":[94],"or":[95,125,139,238],"NMR":[96],"imaging)":[97],"between":[98],"placebo":[101],"(-5.6%":[104,122],"vs.":[105,108,123,131,201,207,211,216],"-5.5%;":[106],"-11.0%":[107],"-9.4%),":[109],"whereas":[110],"two":[111],"smaller":[113],"lower-limb":[119,178,203],"-8.9%)":[124],"preserved":[126],"upper-limb":[127],"(0.9%":[130],"-3.7%)":[132],"(assessed":[133],"bioelectrical":[135],"impedance":[136],"analysis":[137],"(BIA)":[138],"dual":[140],"energy":[141],"X-ray":[142],"absorptiometry":[143],"(DXA)).":[144],"These":[145],"contrasting":[146],"findings":[147,170],"may":[148],"reflect":[149],"limitations":[150],"BIA/DXA,":[152],"including":[153],"hydration":[154],"effects,":[155],"rather":[156],"than":[157],"preservation":[158],"tissue.":[161],"Effects":[162],"inconsistent,":[167],"with":[168,194],"favourable":[169],"upper-":[175],"but":[176],"not":[177,221],"models.":[179],"Four":[180],"recovery,":[183,266],"three":[184],"which":[186],"used":[187],"resistance-based":[188],"greater":[192,259],"increases":[193],"across":[197],"CSA":[199],"(21.3%":[200],"14.3%),":[202],"(5.6%":[206],"3.8%),":[208],"power":[209],"(52.2%":[210],"35.2%)":[212],"strength":[214],"(28.7%":[215],"22.8%).":[217],"Current":[218],"evidence":[219],"does":[220],"unanimously":[222],"support":[223],"as":[226],"an":[227],"effective":[228],"countermeasure":[229],"mitigate":[231],"disuse-induced":[232],"atrophy,":[234],"loss":[237],"declines":[239],"performance.":[242],"Whether":[243],"meaningfully":[246],"influences":[247],"disuse,":[250],"particularly":[251],"older":[253],"adults":[254],"clinical":[256],"populations":[257],"at":[258],"risk":[260],"atrophy":[263],"incomplete":[265],"warrants":[267],"further":[268],"investigation.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-10-30T00:00:00"}