{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224318028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11538836/v1","title":"Different ways to disappear: transparency extends camouflage beyond background matching in heterogeneous environments","display_name":"Different ways to disappear: transparency extends camouflage beyond background matching in heterogeneous environments","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224318028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11538836/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11538836/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11538836/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11538836/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11538836/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11538836/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063205051","display_name":"Rafael C. Duarte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7059-3129","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7059-3129"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60858718","display_name":"University of Aveiro","ror":"https://ror.org/00nt41z93","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60858718"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Duarte","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Aveiro"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7059-3129","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Aveiro","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60858718"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069406732","display_name":"George R. A. Hancock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8771-545X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8771-545X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Hancock","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Exeter"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Exeter","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160122352","display_name":"Gustavo Dias","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71715416","display_name":"Universidade Federal do ABC","ror":"https://ror.org/028kg9j04","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71715416"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gustavo Dias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of ABC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of ABC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71715416"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063879894","display_name":"Martin Stevens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7768-3426","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7768-3426"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Stevens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Exeter University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7768-3426","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Exeter University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10174","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Reproduction","score":0.9301999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10174","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Reproduction","score":0.9301999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11004","display_name":"Crustacean biology and ecology","score":0.034299999475479126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12596","display_name":"Cephalopods and Marine Biology","score":0.008100000210106373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/camouflage","display_name":"camouflage","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"transparency","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/background-matching","display_name":"background matching","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-heterogeneity","display_name":"environmental heterogeneity","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hippolyte-varians","display_name":"Hippolyte varians","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concealment","display_name":"concealment","score":0.5320000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-size","display_name":"body size","score":0.6420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-search","display_name":"visual search","score":0.36899998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-polymorphism","display_name":"color polymorphism","score":0.5170000195503235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776196576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196113","display_name":"Camouflage","level":2,"score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.8276000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89798240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196327","display_name":"Crypsis","level":3,"score":0.7146999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45371612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3058587","display_name":"Generalist and specialist species","level":3,"score":0.7084000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776115401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058410","display_name":"Prawn","level":2,"score":0.696399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121535716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q340600","display_name":"Achromatic lens","level":2,"score":0.4381999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4113999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188382862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170430","display_name":"Predation","level":2,"score":0.4000999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.37560001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196956537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202021","display_name":"Chromatic scale","level":2,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C898592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2455497","display_name":"Trophic cascade","level":4,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62277055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295130","display_name":"Phenotypic plasticity","level":2,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109095581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q619751","display_name":"Aposematism","level":4,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11538836/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11538836/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11538836/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11538836/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11538836/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11538836/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11538836/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11538836/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1126371749","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UID/50017/2025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333469","funder_display_name":"Centro de Estudos Ambientais e Marinhos, Universidade de Aveiro"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1600768095","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LA/P/0094/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G216912602","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.54499/LA/P/0094/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2219685250","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"50017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333469","funder_display_name":"Centro de Estudos Ambientais e Marinhos, Universidade de Aveiro"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3114935656","display_name":"Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar","funder_award_id":"LA/P/0094/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3156748015","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019/01934\u20103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3997422695","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022/00946-0","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4090066734","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LA/P/0094/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333469","funder_display_name":"Centro de Estudos Ambientais e Marinhos, Universidade de Aveiro"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5319010778","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"306653/2022-2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7961962059","display_name":"Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar","funder_award_id":"UID/50017/2025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8193937343","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UID/50017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320275","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/02ddkpn78"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333469","display_name":"Centro de Estudos Ambientais e Marinhos, Universidade de Aveiro","ror":"https://ror.org/03q36qm19"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224318028.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224318028.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7046005994","https://openalex.org/W2950336551","https://openalex.org/W7168294857","https://openalex.org/W4401056859","https://openalex.org/W4404083355","https://openalex.org/W2945469194","https://openalex.org/W2944987764","https://openalex.org/W7152984377","https://openalex.org/W3138982264","https://openalex.org/W4404404486"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Environmental":[1],"heterogeneity":[2,208],"challenges":[3],"camouflage":[4,34,69,200,217],"because":[5],"no":[6],"single":[7,203],"phenotype":[8],"is":[9],"expected":[10],"to":[11],"maximise":[12],"concealment":[13],"across":[14,39,83,148],"all":[15],"backgrounds.":[16,42,86],"While":[17],"uniform":[18],"pigmentation":[19],"can":[20],"provide":[21],"effective":[22],"background":[23],"matching":[24,132],"on":[25,131,186],"specific":[26],"substrates,":[27],"transparency":[28,157],"may":[29,209],"offer":[30],"a":[31,153,183,202],"more":[32,172],"generalist":[33,154,199],"strategy":[35],"by":[36],"reducing":[37],"conspicuousness":[38],"different":[40],"visual":[41,90],"However,":[43,156],"the":[44,59,78,213],"relative":[45],"survival":[46,130,147],"advantages":[47,193],"and":[48,74,120,137,166,194,198],"trade-offs":[49],"of":[50,77,103,164,196,215],"these":[51],"alternative":[52,216],"strategies,":[53],"particularly":[54,134],"when":[55],"they":[56],"coexist":[57],"within":[58,201],"same":[60],"species,":[61,106,204],"remain":[62],"poorly":[63],"understood.":[64],"Here,":[65],"we":[66],"investigated":[67],"how":[68],"performance":[70],"varies":[71],"between":[72,116],"solid-coloured":[73,176],"transparent":[75,142,170],"forms":[76],"chameleon":[79],"prawn":[80,98,117],"(Hippolyte":[81],"varians)":[82],"heterogeneous":[84],"seaweed":[85,105],"Using":[87],"an":[88],"online":[89],"search":[91],"experiment,":[92],"3,367":[93],"participants":[94],"searched":[95],"for":[96,135],"realistic":[97],"models":[99],"presented":[100],"against":[101],"photographs":[102],"four":[104],"generating":[107],"45,888":[108],"prey":[109],"presentations.":[110],"Survival":[111],"analyses":[112],"revealed":[113],"strong":[114],"interactions":[115],"colour":[118],"type":[119],"background.":[121],"Solid-coloured":[122],"prawns":[123,143,171],"performed":[124],"as":[125],"specialists,":[126],"achieving":[127],"their":[128,187],"highest":[129],"seaweeds,":[133],"green":[136],"brown":[138],"individuals.":[139],"By":[140],"contrast,":[141],"maintained":[144],"relatively":[145],"high":[146],"most":[149],"backgrounds,":[150],"consistent":[151],"with":[152],"strategy.":[155],"also":[158],"involved":[159],"important":[160],"trade-offs:":[161],"increasing":[162,179],"levels":[163],"chromatic":[165],"achromatic":[167],"mismatch":[168],"made":[169],"readily":[173],"detectable":[174],"than":[175],"individuals,":[177],"while":[178],"body":[180],"size":[181],"had":[182],"negative":[184],"effect":[185],"survival.":[188],"These":[189],"findings":[190],"reveal":[191],"complementary":[192],"limitations":[195],"specialist":[197],"suggesting":[205],"that":[206],"environmental":[207],"create":[210],"conditions":[211],"favouring":[212],"coexistence":[214],"strategies":[218],"in":[219],"natural":[220],"populations.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2026-10-30T00:00:00"}