{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224317231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216859","title":"An O-RAN-Native xApp Framework for Jammer Detection and Geolocation","display_name":"An O-RAN-Native xApp Framework for Jammer Detection and Geolocation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224317231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216859"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26216859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216859","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216859","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216859","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160105991","display_name":"Steve Azarsh Ratti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4220-9631","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4220-9631"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26415053","display_name":"University of L'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Steve Azarsh Ratti","raw_affiliation_strings":["DISIM Department, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4220-9631","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DISIM Department, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060340104","display_name":"Alex Piccioni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7202-0340","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7202-0340"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26415053","display_name":"University of L'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Piccioni","raw_affiliation_strings":["DISIM Department, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7202-0340","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DISIM Department, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045356859","display_name":"Fabio Graziosi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7808-0707","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7808-0707"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26415053","display_name":"University of L'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Graziosi","raw_affiliation_strings":["DISIM Department, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7808-0707","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DISIM Department, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038158223","display_name":"Dajana Cassioli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7574-5099","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7574-5099"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26415053","display_name":"University of L'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dajana Cassioli","raw_affiliation_strings":["DISIM Department, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7574-5099","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DISIM Department, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056232626","display_name":"Andrea Marotta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2426-1902","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2426-1902"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26415053","display_name":"University of L'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Marotta","raw_affiliation_strings":["DISIM Department, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2426-1902","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DISIM Department, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160105991"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86385691,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"21","first_page":"6859","last_page":"6859"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.5404999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.5404999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.06759999692440033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13905","display_name":"Telecommunications and Broadcasting Technologies","score":0.03189999982714653,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/o-ran","display_name":"O-RAN","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xapps","display_name":"xApps","score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-jamming","display_name":"radio jamming","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jammer-detection","display_name":"jammer detection","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trilateration","display_name":"trilateration","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio","display_name":"SINR","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reference-signal-received-power","display_name":"RSRP","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ran-intelligent-controller","display_name":"RAN Intelligent Controller","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/5g-security","display_name":"5G security","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer-attacks","display_name":"physical layer attacks","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-telemetry","display_name":"network telemetry","score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threat-intelligence","display_name":"threat intelligence","score":0.5600000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20832178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1146298","display_name":"Trilateration","level":3,"score":0.882099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.5985999703407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5397999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22041718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638949","display_name":"Geolocation","level":2,"score":0.5382000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779079576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092823","display_name":"Jamming","level":2,"score":0.5235999822616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5027999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4975000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4758000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.47110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.4544000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101618186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3633928","display_name":"UMTS frequency bands","level":2,"score":0.4390999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187713609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2465461","display_name":"Default gateway","level":2,"score":0.3822999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.35760000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.34220001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781327853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3552547","display_name":"User equipment","level":3,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780137118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17121585","display_name":"Radio access technology","level":4,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3021000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163150518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135208","display_name":"Time of arrival","level":3,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192220659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1245659","display_name":"Universal Software Radio Peripheral","level":3,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26216859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216859","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216859","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26216859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216859","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216859","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8970999717712402,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331528","display_name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","ror":"https://ror.org/0341vw408"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385801679","https://openalex.org/W7090916536","https://openalex.org/W4408092541","https://openalex.org/W7213512780","https://openalex.org/W7117883235","https://openalex.org/W7117884422","https://openalex.org/W7222534330","https://openalex.org/W4416514038","https://openalex.org/W7213488209","https://openalex.org/W4391326527"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,97,136,190],"Open":[1],"Radio":[2],"Access":[3],"Network":[4],"(O-RAN)":[5],"architecture":[6,60],"significantly":[7],"enhances":[8],"5G":[9],"networks":[10,23],"by":[11,122],"introducing":[12],"modularity":[13],"and":[14,18,65,132,150,161,186,224,260],"intelligence":[15,271],"through":[16],"virtualization":[17],"open":[19],"interfaces.":[20],"While":[21],"these":[22,235],"provide":[24],"advanced":[25],"capabilities,":[26],"the":[27,71,75,82,118,123,140,146,152,166,206,212,225,230,239],"wireless":[28],"medium":[29],"remains":[30],"inherently":[31],"vulnerable":[32],"to":[33,47,88,180],"physical-layer":[34],"(PHY)":[35],"disruptions,":[36],"with":[37,103,168],"malicious":[38],"radio":[39],"frequency":[40],"(RF)":[41],"jamming":[42,68,106],"posing":[43],"a":[44,57,104,110,133,169,201,251],"critical":[45],"threat":[46,270],"network":[48,266],"availability.":[49],"To":[50],"address":[51],"this":[52,54],"issue,":[53],"paper":[55],"proposes":[56],"novel":[58],"O-RAN-native":[59,253],"for":[61,175,197,255],"real-time":[62,90,256],"detection,":[63],"identification,":[64],"localization":[66],"of":[67,92,113,172,194,211],"attacks.":[69],"Specifically,":[70],"proposed":[72],"methodology":[73],"leverages":[74],"coordination":[76],"between":[77],"specialized":[78],"xApps":[79],"running":[80],"on":[81,200],"Near-Real-Time":[83],"RAN":[84],"Intelligent":[85],"Controller":[86],"(RIC)":[87],"perform":[89],"analysis":[91],"Key":[93],"Performance":[94],"Measurements":[95],"(KPMs).":[96],"framework":[98,254],"is":[99,204,227],"evaluated":[100],"in":[101,108,145],"ns-O-RAN":[102],"downlink":[105],"model,":[107],"which":[109],"wideband":[111],"jammer":[112,167,177,258],"40\u201360":[114],"dBm":[115],"EIRP":[116],"reduces":[117],"L3":[119],"SINR":[120,160],"measured":[121],"UEs,":[124],"over":[125],"30":[126],"Monte":[127],"Carlo":[128],"realizations":[129],"per":[130,220,222],"configuration":[131],"jammer-free":[134,147],"control.":[135],"SINR-based":[137],"stages":[138],"detect":[139],"attack":[141],"without":[142],"false":[143],"alarms":[144],"control":[148],"runs":[149],"identify":[151],"affected":[153],"sector.":[154],"An":[155],"interference-power":[156],"trilateration":[157,188,226],"that":[158,234],"combines":[159],"RSRP":[162],"reports":[163],"then":[164],"localizes":[165],"median":[170],"error":[171],"9\u201324":[173],"m":[174],"two":[176],"positions,":[178],"four":[179],"ten":[181],"times":[182],"lower":[183],"than":[184],"centroid-based":[185],"path-loss":[187],"baselines.":[189],"steady-state":[191],"processing":[192,237],"time":[193],"0.89":[195],"s":[196,208],"2000":[198],"UEs":[199],"single":[202],"core":[203],"within":[205],"1":[207],"control-loop":[209],"budget":[210],"Near-RT":[213],"RIC":[214],"when":[215],"S-DBSCAN":[216],"keeps":[217],"one":[218],"event":[219],"UE":[221],"second":[223],"initialized":[228],"from":[229],"previous":[231],"estimate.":[232],"Note":[233],"are":[236],"times;":[238],"end-to-end":[240],"latency":[241],"including":[242],"E2":[243],"transport":[244],"was":[245],"not":[246],"measured.":[247],"This":[248],"work":[249],"establishes":[250],"robust":[252],"PHY-layer":[257],"identification":[259],"geographic":[261],"localization,":[262],"thereby":[263],"transforming":[264],"standard":[265],"telemetry":[267],"into":[268],"actionable":[269],"across":[272],"multi-vendor":[273],"deployments.":[274]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2026-10-30T00:00:00"}