{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224301892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11480780/v1","title":"IT-power feedforward halves pump energy in liquid-cooled data centres","display_name":"IT-power feedforward halves pump energy in liquid-cooled data centres","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224301892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11480780/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11480780/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11480780/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11480780/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11480780/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11480780/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160121692","display_name":"Yang Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent researcher"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent researcher","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160121692"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14098","display_name":"Energy Efficiency in Computing","score":0.4966000020503998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14098","display_name":"Energy Efficiency in Computing","score":0.4966000020503998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.2565999925136566,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10998","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Optimization","score":0.13369999825954437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedforward-control","display_name":"feedforward control","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-control","display_name":"temperature control","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-distribution-unit","display_name":"power distribution unit","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow-rate","display_name":"flow rate","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/look-ahead-control","display_name":"look-ahead control","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-management","display_name":"thermal management","score":0.4560000002384186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.8111000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38858127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441228","display_name":"Feed forward","level":2,"score":0.6758000254631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6474000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5281999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.4812999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.451200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4438000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.423799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776461528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131313","display_name":"Heat pump","level":3,"score":0.4052000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3808000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3416999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3276999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536315585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698332","display_name":"Temperature control","level":2,"score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777423268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3663116","display_name":"Energy balance","level":2,"score":0.31189998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107861326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209233","display_name":"Thermal energy","level":2,"score":0.3037000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3005000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206815995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341307","display_name":"Energy flow","level":3,"score":0.2623000144958496}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11480780/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11480780/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11480780/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11480780/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11480780/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11480780/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11480780/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11480780/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9090999960899353,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5378999710083008,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224301892.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224301892.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3133548213","https://openalex.org/W4290994951","https://openalex.org/W3136079080","https://openalex.org/W7205709349","https://openalex.org/W7158860566","https://openalex.org/W4234851174","https://openalex.org/W4384499602","https://openalex.org/W7166531797","https://openalex.org/W7128511750","https://openalex.org/W4409839002"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Pump":[1],"work":[2,69,104],"in":[3,88,141,146],"liquid-cooled":[4],"data":[5],"centres":[6],"scales":[7],"with":[8,60],"the":[9,15,21,31,34,39,142],"cube":[10],"of":[11,17,33,118],"flow":[12,113],"rate,":[13],"so":[14],"choice":[16],"controlled":[18],"variable":[19],"sets":[20],"achievable":[22],"energy":[23],"floor.":[24],"Existing":[25],"pump":[26,68,103],"controllers":[27],"regulate":[28],"temperature":[29,58,75,81],"\u2014":[30,37],"result":[32],"thermal":[35],"balance":[36],"although":[38],"heat":[40],"load":[41,133],"(IT":[42],"power),":[43],"its":[44,131],"cause,":[45],"is":[46,114,122,128],"directly":[47],"readable":[48],"from":[49,64],"power":[50,66],"distribution":[51],"units.":[52],"Here":[53],"we":[54],"show":[55],"that":[56],"replacing":[57],"feedback":[59],"a":[61,80,89,94,98],"closed-form":[62],"feedforward":[63],"IT":[65],"reduces":[67],"by":[70,76,105,130],"56.2%":[71],"and":[72,134],"peak":[73,109],"junction":[74],"5.14":[77],"\u00b0C,":[78],"against":[79],"controller":[82],"tuned":[83],"over":[84],"90":[85,90],"parameter":[86],"sets,":[87],"kW":[91],"rack":[92],"under":[93],"30%\u2192100%":[95],"step.":[96],"Conversely,":[97],"300":[99],"s":[100],"look-ahead":[101],"increases":[102],"45.5%":[106],"without":[107],"changing":[108],"temperature,":[110],"because":[111],"required":[112],"an":[115],"instantaneous":[116],"function":[117],"power.":[119],"Inter-rack":[120],"reallocation":[121],"likewise":[123],"infeasible:":[124],"each":[125],"lower":[126],"bound":[127],"set":[129],"own":[132],"cannot":[135],"be":[136],"transferred.":[137],"The":[138],"gain":[139],"lies":[140],"observed":[143],"variable,":[144],"not":[145],"algorithmic":[147],"sophistication.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2026-10-30T00:00:00"}