{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224201892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34857772","title":"Intellectual capital, labour productivity and SME competitiveness in an emerging economy: exploratory evidence from Tunisia","display_name":"Intellectual capital, labour productivity and SME competitiveness in an emerging economy: exploratory evidence from Tunisia","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224201892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34857772"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.34857772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34857772","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34857772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34857772","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160126700","display_name":"Rahma Elaoud","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rahma Elaoud","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160126700"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8616085,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11849","display_name":"Intellectual Capital and Performance Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11849","display_name":"Intellectual Capital and Performance Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13366","display_name":"Accounting Theory and Financial Reporting","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-capital","display_name":"intellectual capital","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-productivity","display_name":"labor productivity","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sme-competitiveness","display_name":"SME competitiveness","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tunisian-smes","display_name":"Tunisian SMEs","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value-added-intellectual-capital","display_name":"value added intellectual capital","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-capital-efficiency","display_name":"human capital efficiency","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-efficiency","display_name":"structural efficiency","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capital-employed-efficiency","display_name":"capital employed efficiency","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emerging-markets","display_name":"emerging markets","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/north-africa","display_name":"North Africa","score":0.6570000052452087}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780838347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329252","display_name":"Intellectual capital","level":2,"score":0.7627999782562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.597599983215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5727999806404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.5297999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779313860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7625013","display_name":"Structural capital","level":5,"score":0.5023999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.49140000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.4575999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.45669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.44029998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.42590001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40722632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5160137","display_name":"Confirmatory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.30970001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83646750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893","display_name":"Capital (architecture)","level":2,"score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121087249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546395","display_name":"Emerging markets","level":2,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143910263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750458","display_name":"Capital market","level":2,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120009192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1936153","display_name":"Total factor productivity","level":3,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.26429998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48879800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622439","display_name":"Small and medium-sized enterprises","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107645774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5467169","display_name":"Human resources","level":2,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779445257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310710","display_name":"Relational capital","level":3,"score":0.25519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44750222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897397","display_name":"Financial capital","level":3,"score":0.2551000118255615}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.34857772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34857772","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34857772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.34857772.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34857772.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34857772.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.34857772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34857772","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34857772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"score":0.651199996471405,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3136690753","https://openalex.org/W4362659406","https://openalex.org/W4382244418","https://openalex.org/W1613994604","https://openalex.org/W4376506267","https://openalex.org/W3096526021","https://openalex.org/W7141517286","https://openalex.org/W4415168381","https://openalex.org/W3080948912","https://openalex.org/W4399791238"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Empirical":[0],"evidence":[1,19,129,220],"on":[2,69,96],"intellectual":[3],"capital":[4,109,123,181],"(IC)":[5],"in":[6,168,195,204],"North":[7],"African":[8],"SMEs":[9,66],"remains":[10],"scarce.":[11],"This":[12,214],"study":[13,199],"provides":[14],"the":[15,24,112,152,163,172,217],"first":[16,218],"VAIC":[17,45,128,219],"exploratory":[18,41],"from":[20,54,130,208,221],"Tunisian":[21,65,196,222],"SMEs,":[22,223],"assessing":[23],"contribution":[25],"of":[26,36,63,151],"each":[27],"IC":[28,83,193,202,227],"component":[29],"to":[30,148],"labour":[31,70,116],"productivity":[32,71],"as":[33],"a":[34,59,159,224],"measure":[35],"competitive":[37],"performance.":[38],"In":[39],"an":[40,230],"cross":[42],"sectional":[43],"design,":[44],"efficiency":[46,110],"ratios":[47],"(CEE,":[48],"HCE":[49],"and":[50,67,81,99,121,139,162,185,188,229],"SCE)":[51],"are":[52,146],"derived":[53],"audited":[55],"financial":[56],"statements":[57],"for":[58,235],"non-probability":[60],"convenience":[61,134],"sample":[62,135,233],"21":[64],"regressed":[68],"using":[72],"OLS":[73],"with":[74,115,127],"robust":[75],"standard":[76],"errors.":[77],"An":[78],"integrated":[79],"accounting":[80],"managerial":[82],"framework":[84],"is":[85,89],"developed.":[86],"The":[87,133,198],"model":[88],"globally":[90],"not":[91],"significant,":[92],"so":[93],"interpretation":[94],"rests":[95],"effect":[97],"sizes":[98],"95%":[100],"confidence":[101],"intervals":[102],"rather":[103],"than":[104],"p-values":[105],"alone.":[106],"Directionally,":[107],"human":[108,180],"shows":[111],"strongest":[113],"association":[114],"productivity,":[117],"followed":[118],"by":[119],"structural":[120],"then":[122],"employed":[124],"efficiency,":[125],"consistent":[126],"comparable":[131],"contexts.":[132],"limits":[136],"confirmatory":[137],"inference":[138],"risks":[140],"selection":[141],"bias;":[142],"approximately":[143],"80":[144],"firms":[145],"required":[147],"detect":[149],"effects":[150],"observed":[153],"magnitude.":[154],"Future":[155],"research":[156],"should":[157,178,191],"adopt":[158],"longitudinal":[160],"design":[161],"MVAIC":[164],"framework.":[165],"If":[166],"corroborated":[167],"adequately":[169],"powered":[170],"samples,":[171],"pattern":[173],"suggests":[174],"that":[175,189],"SME":[176],"managers":[177],"prioritise":[179],"investment,":[182],"including":[183],"training":[184],"talent":[186],"development,":[187],"policymakers":[190],"incentivise":[192],"development":[194],"SMEs.":[197],"illuminates":[200],"how":[201],"dynamics":[203],"emerging":[205],"markets":[206],"differ":[207],"developed":[209],"economies,":[210],"informing":[211],"MENA":[212,237],"policy.":[213],"paper":[215],"offers":[216],"dual":[225],"paradigm":[226],"framework,":[228],"indicative":[231],"minimum":[232],"size":[234],"future":[236],"research.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2026-10-30T00:00:00"}