{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224125618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40246-026-01070-2","title":"Genome-wide association study identifies age-related genetic effects on childhood refractive error and myopia risk","display_name":"Genome-wide association study identifies age-related genetic effects on childhood refractive error and myopia risk","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224125618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40246-026-01070-2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40246-026-01070-2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40246-026-01070-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40246-026-01070-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738571386","display_name":"Human Genomics","issn_l":"1473-9542","issn":["1473-9542","1479-7364"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Genomics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40246-026-01070-2","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100718014","display_name":"Yuyao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1315-9099","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1315-9099"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799346673","display_name":"Hong Kong Eye Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03fttgk04","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I2799346673"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuyao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4/F Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4/F Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I2799346673"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124771190","display_name":"Yuelan Gao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799346673","display_name":"Hong Kong Eye Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03fttgk04","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I2799346673"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuelan Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4/F Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4/F Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I2799346673"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160015208","display_name":"Danli Shi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danli Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Centre for SHARP Vision, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Centre for SHARP Vision, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027768306","display_name":"Yuen Ting Ho","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799346673","display_name":"Hong Kong Eye Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03fttgk04","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I2799346673"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuen Ting Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4/F Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4/F Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I2799346673"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101668018","display_name":"Yuzhou Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8515-3388","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8515-3388"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799346673","display_name":"Hong Kong Eye Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03fttgk04","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I2799346673"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuzhou Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4/F Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4/F Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I2799346673"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123576532","display_name":"Charlene C. Yim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6711-9191","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6711-9191"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799346673","display_name":"Hong Kong Eye Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03fttgk04","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I2799346673"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405263233","display_name":"Hong Kong Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0476qkr33","country_code":"HK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I4405263233"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charlene C. Yim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4/F Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Children Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4/F Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I2799346673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Children Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405263233"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799346673"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022242096","display_name":"Ka Wai Kam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7760-6882","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7760-6882"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799346673","display_name":"Hong Kong Eye Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03fttgk04","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I2799346673"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114914","display_name":"Prince of Wales Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02827ca86","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I4210114914"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ka Wai Kam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4/F Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114914"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4/F Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I2799346673"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040669380","display_name":"Alvin Lerrmann Young","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4365-3218","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4365-3218"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799346673","display_name":"Hong Kong Eye Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03fttgk04","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I2799346673"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114914","display_name":"Prince of Wales Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02827ca86","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I4210114914"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alvin L. Young","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4/F Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114914"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4/F Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I2799346673"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024797179","display_name":"Clement Chee Yung Tham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4407-6907","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4407-6907"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799346673","display_name":"Hong Kong Eye Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03fttgk04","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I2799346673"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clement C. Tham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4/F Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4/F Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I2799346673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799346673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075239035","display_name":"Chi Pui Pang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7764-6382","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7764-6382"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799346673","display_name":"Hong Kong Eye Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03fttgk04","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I2799346673"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114914","display_name":"Prince of Wales Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02827ca86","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I4210114914"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi Pui Pang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4/F Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114914"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4/F Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I2799346673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160028295","display_name":"Mingguang He","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768270","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology","ror":"https://ror.org/003mfbe21","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358","https://openalex.org/I4391768270"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401726874","display_name":"Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/02z2yec16","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358","https://openalex.org/I4401726874"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingguang He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Centre for SHARP Vision, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China","State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Centre for SHARP Vision, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358","https://openalex.org/I4391768270","https://openalex.org/I4401726874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026257330","display_name":"Jason C. S. Yam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2156-1486","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2156-1486"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799346673","display_name":"Hong Kong Eye Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03fttgk04","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I2799346673"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405263233","display_name":"Hong Kong Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0476qkr33","country_code":"HK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I4405263233"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jason C. Yam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4/F Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Children Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4/F Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I2799346673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Children Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405263233"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799346673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107912111","display_name":"Li Jia Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799346673","display_name":"Hong Kong Eye Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03fttgk04","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I2799346673"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114914","display_name":"Prince of Wales Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02827ca86","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I4210114914"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Li Jia Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4/F Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114914"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4/F Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I2799346673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799346673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026257330","https://openalex.org/A5107912111"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I2799346673","https://openalex.org/I4210114914","https://openalex.org/I4405263233"],"apc_list":{"value":3290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3290},"apc_paid":{"value":3290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3290},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88338265,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10381","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10381","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.003800000064074993,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12989","display_name":"Ocular Disorders and Treatments","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/childhood-myopia","display_name":"childhood myopia","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refractive-error","display_name":"refractive error","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polygenic-risk-score","display_name":"polygenic risk score","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-loci","display_name":"genetic loci","score":0.5590000152587891}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781135284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470427","display_name":"Refractive error","level":3,"score":0.7222999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5080999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47042493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265799","display_name":"Human genetics","level":3,"score":0.40639999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4018999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.38690000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146304588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q961652","display_name":"Case-control study","level":2,"score":0.34470000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186413461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744727","display_name":"Genetic association","level":5,"score":0.3416000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993137441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28135712","display_name":"Polygenic risk score","level":5,"score":0.33480000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169594400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244775","display_name":"Twin study","level":3,"score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203083617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5433302","display_name":"Family aggregation","level":3,"score":0.30390000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12590798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3933199","display_name":"Replication (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776148792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3041498","display_name":"Eye disease","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C986699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7939","display_name":"El Ni\u00f1o","level":2,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67636389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q784237","display_name":"Genetic predisposition","level":3,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779668873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693756","display_name":"Lower risk","level":3,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205545832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156455","display_name":"Young adult","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50440223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848","display_name":"Risk factor","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40246-026-01070-2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40246-026-01070-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40246-026-01070-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738571386","display_name":"Human Genomics","issn_l":"1473-9542","issn":["1473-9542","1479-7364"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Genomics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40246-026-01070-2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40246-026-01070-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40246-026-01070-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738571386","display_name":"Human Genomics","issn_l":"1473-9542","issn":["1473-9542","1479-7364"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Genomics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.98580002784729}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2520771073","https://openalex.org/W4410630943","https://openalex.org/W2381270640","https://openalex.org/W2982405120","https://openalex.org/W4400883286","https://openalex.org/W2889753319","https://openalex.org/W3147448391","https://openalex.org/W2136376873","https://openalex.org/W4364359588","https://openalex.org/W3183185663"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Objective":[1],"To":[2],"characterize":[3],"age-related":[4,21,182,242],"genetic":[5,258],"effects":[6],"on":[7,219],"childhood":[8,220],"refractive":[9,229],"error":[10,230],"and":[11,56,87,99,117,131,149,164],"to":[12,89],"examine":[13],"whether":[14],"a":[15,30,132,199,253],"polygenic":[16],"risk":[17,25,92,185,202,239],"score":[18],"(PRS)":[19],"has":[20],"patterns":[22],"in":[23,69,193,207,240,262],"myopia":[24,91,204,221,238],"stratification.":[26],"Methods":[27],"We":[28],"performed":[29,79],"meta-analysis":[31],"of":[32,184,203],"genome-wide":[33],"association":[34],"studies":[35],"(meta-GWAS)":[36],"using":[37],"three":[38],"pediatric":[39],"cohorts:":[40],"the":[41,48,57,174,194,208,245],"Hong":[42],"Kong":[43],"Children":[44],"Eye":[45,60],"Study":[46,61],"(HKCES\u20111),":[47],"Low\u2011Concentration":[49],"Atropine":[50],"for":[51,80,257],"Myopia":[52],"Progression":[53],"(LAMP\u20111)":[54],"study,":[55],"Guangzhou":[58],"Twin":[59],"(GTES),":[62],"including":[63],"1,903":[64],"children.":[65],"Replication":[66],"was":[67,85,145],"conducted":[68],"independent":[70,264],"HKCES\u20112":[71],"(":[72],"N":[73],"=":[74,109,113,121,125,138,141,214],"2,800).":[75],"Age\u2011stratified":[76],"analyses":[77],"were":[78,129,152,167],"significant":[81],"loci.":[82],"A":[83],"PRS":[84,179,196,210,236],"constructed":[86],"used":[88],"estimate":[90],"ratios":[93],"across":[94],"age":[95],"groups":[96],"5\u20136,":[97],"7\u20138,":[98],"9\u201310":[100,171],"years.":[101,172],"Results":[102],"Two":[103],"reported":[104],"loci,":[105],"MIR4275":[106,162],"rs2131464":[107,163],"(\u03b2":[108,120,137],"\u2212":[110,122],"0.63,":[111],"P":[112,124,140],"6.75":[114],"\u00d7":[115,127,143],"10\u207b\u2079)":[116],"TENM3":[118,165],"rs17074027":[119,166],"0.38,":[123],"9.52":[126],"10\u207b\u2079),":[128],"confirmed,":[130],"novel":[133],"locus,":[134],"TMEM132D":[135,147],"rs4759965":[136,148],"0.34,":[139],"5.30":[142],"10\u207b\u2078),":[144],"identified.":[146],"FAM135B":[150],"rs4609227":[151],"associated":[153,168,227],"with":[154,224,228,244],"refraction":[155],"only":[156],"at":[157,169,231,248],"ages":[158,170,249],"7\u20138":[159,190,250],"years,":[160,191,251],"whereas":[161],"In":[173],"replication":[175],"cohort,":[176],"an":[177,181,241],"8-SNP":[178,235],"showed":[180],"pattern":[183],"stratification:":[186],"among":[187],"children":[188],"aged":[189],"those":[192,206],"highest":[195],"group":[197,211],"had":[198],"2.37-fold":[200],"higher":[201],"than":[205],"lowest":[209],"(P":[212],"FDR":[213],"0.031).":[215],"Conclusions":[216],"Genetic":[217],"influences":[218],"are":[222],"age-dependent,":[223],"distinct":[225],"loci":[226],"different":[232],"ages.":[233],"The":[234],"stratified":[237],"manner,":[243],"strongest":[246],"stratification":[247],"suggesting":[252],"potential":[254],"developmental":[255],"window":[256],"risk.":[259],"Further":[260],"validation":[261],"additional":[263],"cohorts":[265],"is":[266],"warranted.":[267]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2026-10-29T00:00:00"}
