{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224123179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19111699","title":"Current Pharmaceutical Strategies for the Long-Term Management of Addiction","display_name":"Current Pharmaceutical Strategies for the Long-Term Management of Addiction","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224123179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19111699"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ph19111699","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19111699","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19111699","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S16322639","display_name":"Pharmaceuticals","issn_l":"1424-8247","issn":["1424-8247"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pharmaceuticals","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19111699","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015501804","display_name":"Mohamed F. Zayed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8683-5460","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8683-5460"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184834183","display_name":"Al-Azhar University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fnp1145","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184834183"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259154","display_name":"Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01tynvf67","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259154"]}],"countries":["EG","SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed F. Zayed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt","Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Fakeeh Care Group, Jeddah 21461, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8683-5460","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184834183"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Fakeeh Care Group, Jeddah 21461, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259154"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058702786","display_name":"H Farag","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9152-5352","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9152-5352"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259154","display_name":"Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01tynvf67","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259154"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hussein M. Farag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Fakeeh Care Group, Jeddah 21461, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9152-5352","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Fakeeh Care Group, Jeddah 21461, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259154"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015501804"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184834183","https://openalex.org/I4405259154"],"apc_list":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"apc_paid":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83598189,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"11","first_page":"1699","last_page":"1699"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10043","display_name":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","score":0.6538000106811523,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10043","display_name":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","score":0.6538000106811523,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10056","display_name":"Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior","score":0.31029999256134033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10576","display_name":"Opioid Use Disorder Treatment","score":0.00860000029206276,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substance-use-disorders","display_name":"substance use disorders","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/addiction-pharmacotherapy","display_name":"addiction pharmacotherapy","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relapse-vulnerability","display_name":"relapse vulnerability","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glp-1-receptor-agonists","display_name":"GLP-1 receptor agonists","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orexin-receptor-antagonists","display_name":"orexin receptor antagonists","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kappa-opioid-receptor-antagonist","display_name":"kappa opioid receptor antagonists","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hpa-axis-dysregulation","display_name":"HPA axis dysregulation","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ibogaine","display_name":"ibogaine","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noribogaine","display_name":"noribogaine","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glutamate-modulators","display_name":"glutamate modulators","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroinflammation","display_name":"neuroinflammation","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunopharmacotherapy","display_name":"immunopharmacotherapy","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychedelic-therapy","display_name":"psychedelic therapy","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroplasticity","display_name":"neuroplasticity","score":0.8299999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48856860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12029","display_name":"Addiction","level":2,"score":0.791100025177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.5859000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.524399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87753298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17157137","display_name":"Neuroinflammation","level":3,"score":0.4837000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.45100000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4284999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513476851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170304","display_name":"Dopamine","level":2,"score":0.4018000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47611674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849491","display_name":"Neuroplasticity","level":2,"score":0.3873000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.37720000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3352999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74187038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418791","display_name":"Drug discovery","level":2,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.2849999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61174792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420510","display_name":"Glutamate receptor","level":3,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020148958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1260022","display_name":"Addiction treatment","level":3,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64903051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2198549","display_name":"Drug development","level":3,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103637391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5308921","display_name":"Drug repositioning","level":3,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64948172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1653277","display_name":"Brain stimulation reward","level":4,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143661069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q670713","display_name":"Reward system","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ph19111699","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19111699","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19111699","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S16322639","display_name":"Pharmaceuticals","issn_l":"1424-8247","issn":["1424-8247"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pharmaceuticals","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ph19111699","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19111699","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19111699","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S16322639","display_name":"Pharmaceuticals","issn_l":"1424-8247","issn":["1424-8247"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pharmaceuticals","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.98580002784729}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":99,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W332399707","https://openalex.org/W1977850625","https://openalex.org/W2007745798","https://openalex.org/W2015426635","https://openalex.org/W2056114002","https://openalex.org/W2075238613","https://openalex.org/W2098918198","https://openalex.org/W2101372918","https://openalex.org/W2149717129","https://openalex.org/W2154766235","https://openalex.org/W2167514365","https://openalex.org/W2341144630","https://openalex.org/W2608446001","https://openalex.org/W2793934300","https://openalex.org/W2902239813","https://openalex.org/W2990763002","https://openalex.org/W2991597523","https://openalex.org/W3038412897","https://openalex.org/W3086179139","https://openalex.org/W3120251132","https://openalex.org/W3121262223","https://openalex.org/W3124730778","https://openalex.org/W3125535391","https://openalex.org/W3132649552","https://openalex.org/W3136520326","https://openalex.org/W3153566969","https://openalex.org/W3165633131","https://openalex.org/W3167170061","https://openalex.org/W3175622349","https://openalex.org/W3178734259","https://openalex.org/W3194450287","https://openalex.org/W3200667455","https://openalex.org/W3208932116","https://openalex.org/W4205129772","https://openalex.org/W4206344419","https://openalex.org/W4210944481","https://openalex.org/W4280566711","https://openalex.org/W4281797075","https://openalex.org/W4283072529","https://openalex.org/W4283592947","https://openalex.org/W4291892556","https://openalex.org/W4293207245","https://openalex.org/W4293581565","https://openalex.org/W4303684354","https://openalex.org/W4306651739","https://openalex.org/W4306842256","https://openalex.org/W4306912803","https://openalex.org/W4308564069","https://openalex.org/W4312066033","https://openalex.org/W4312129767","https://openalex.org/W4321332754","https://openalex.org/W4322737750","https://openalex.org/W4324145541","https://openalex.org/W4367856421","https://openalex.org/W4376102522","https://openalex.org/W4376132878","https://openalex.org/W4377965564","https://openalex.org/W4378976452","https://openalex.org/W4379053536","https://openalex.org/W4379878475","https://openalex.org/W4385968765","https://openalex.org/W4386878687","https://openalex.org/W4386909998","https://openalex.org/W4388446727","https://openalex.org/W4388694079","https://openalex.org/W4390583242","https://openalex.org/W4392356443","https://openalex.org/W4392593585","https://openalex.org/W4392704104","https://openalex.org/W4395053663","https://openalex.org/W4396611725","https://openalex.org/W4400595681","https://openalex.org/W4400983719","https://openalex.org/W4401567062","https://openalex.org/W4402072299","https://openalex.org/W4403263004","https://openalex.org/W4403382149","https://openalex.org/W4407190586","https://openalex.org/W4409526464","https://openalex.org/W4409807107","https://openalex.org/W4410598635","https://openalex.org/W4411093088","https://openalex.org/W4412387393","https://openalex.org/W4414026340","https://openalex.org/W4414163564","https://openalex.org/W4414615042","https://openalex.org/W4414753099","https://openalex.org/W4415156264","https://openalex.org/W4415493223","https://openalex.org/W4415526410","https://openalex.org/W4415897769","https://openalex.org/W4416987833","https://openalex.org/W4417079845","https://openalex.org/W7117963569","https://openalex.org/W7124718285","https://openalex.org/W7128701623","https://openalex.org/W7131208924","https://openalex.org/W7160534089","https://openalex.org/W7168288968"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2141125149","https://openalex.org/W4415897769","https://openalex.org/W2886443328","https://openalex.org/W2054625192","https://openalex.org/W2336983869","https://openalex.org/W2049474734","https://openalex.org/W2161718761","https://openalex.org/W4405675944","https://openalex.org/W3048205277","https://openalex.org/W1985491724"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Substance":[1],"use":[2],"disorders":[3],"(SUDs)":[4],"are":[5,170],"chronic,":[6],"progressive":[7],"brain":[8],"diseases":[9],"that":[10,88,106,114,122,129,138,146,155,195],"result":[11],"in":[12,32,66],"continued":[13],"liability":[14],"to":[15,41,55,60,92,188,204],"relapse,":[16],"even":[17],"after":[18],"periods":[19],"of":[20,37,43,76,100,176,181,191],"abstinence.":[21],"Objectives:":[22],"This":[23],"review":[24],"synthesizes":[25],"current":[26],"evidence":[27],"for":[28,71,97,173,206],"a":[29,94,185],"paradigm":[30],"shift":[31],"addiction":[33,182,193],"medicine:":[34],"from":[35],"suppression":[36],"acute":[38],"drug":[39,86,104],"effects":[40],"repair":[42],"the":[44,62,68,98,189],"neurobiological":[45],"substrates":[46],"underlying":[47],"relapse":[48,205],"vulnerability.":[49],"Method:":[50],"We":[51,64,82],"used":[52],"medical":[53],"databases":[54],"conduct":[56],"an":[57],"electronic":[58],"search":[59],"identify":[61],"objectives.":[63],"reviewed":[65,84],"detail":[67],"existing":[69],"pharmacotherapies":[70],"SUD,":[72],"discussing":[73],"their":[74],"mechanisms":[75,91],"action,":[77],"efficacy":[78],"data,":[79],"and":[80,133,153,162,167,200,209],"limitations.":[81],"then":[83],"novel":[85],"classes":[87,105],"target":[89,107,123,156],"resilience-promoting":[90,108],"conclude":[93],"comprehensive":[95,186],"roadmap":[96,187],"management":[99,175,180],"addiction.":[101,177],"Result:":[102],"Novel":[103],"mechanisms,":[109],"including":[110,165],"GLP-1":[111],"receptor":[112,120,127],"agonists":[113],"modulate":[115],"mesolimbic":[116],"dopamine":[117],"signaling,":[118],"orexin":[119],"antagonists":[121,128,137],"stress-induced":[124,131],"craving,":[125],"kappa-opioid":[126],"counteract":[130],"dysphoria,":[132],"corticotropin-releasing":[134],"factor":[135],"(CRF)":[136],"normalize":[139],"hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal":[140],"(HPA)":[141],"axis":[142],"dysfunction.":[143],"Furthermore,":[144],"agents":[145,154],"stimulate":[147],"neuroplasticity":[148],"(ibogaine,":[149],"noribogaine,":[150],"glutamate":[151],"modulators)":[152],"neuroinflammation":[157],"(endocannabinoid":[158],"modulators,":[159],"microglial":[160],"inhibitors),":[161],"biological":[163],"interventions,":[164],"immunopharmacotherapy":[166],"psychedelic-assisted":[168],"therapies,":[169],"new":[171],"strategies":[172],"long-term":[174],"Conclusions:":[178],"Long-term":[179],"should":[183],"provide":[184],"development":[190],"next-generation":[192],"therapeutics":[194],"restore":[196],"neural":[197],"circuit":[198],"function":[199],"promote":[201],"long-lasting":[202],"resilience":[203],"medicinal":[207],"chemists":[208],"neuroscientists.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-10-29T00:00:00"}