{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224120372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsens.2026.1933492","title":"Enzymatic biosensors: biocatalytic mechanisms, immobilization strategies, and signal amplification approaches","display_name":"Enzymatic biosensors: biocatalytic mechanisms, immobilization strategies, and signal amplification approaches","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224120372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsens.2026.1933492"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fsens.2026.1933492","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsens.2026.1933492","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsens.2026.1933492","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sensors/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1933492/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210240236","display_name":"Frontiers in Sensors","issn_l":"2673-5067","issn":["2673-5067"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sensors/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1933492/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160057056","display_name":"Iris Cristina Arvizu-De Le\u00f3n","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169046204","display_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/01fh86n78","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169046204"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iris Cristina Arvizu-De Le\u00f3n","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biotecnolog\u00eda y Nanotecnolog\u00eda (CIByN), Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n. Parque de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica","Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Av. Universidad S/N Ciudad Universitaria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biotecnolog\u00eda y Nanotecnolog\u00eda (CIByN), Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n. Parque de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169046204"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Av. Universidad S/N Ciudad Universitaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169046204"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028739221","display_name":"Gabriela Elizabeth Quintanilla-Villanueva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1682-0268","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1682-0268"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169046204","display_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/01fh86n78","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169046204"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriela Elizabeth Quintanilla-Villanueva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biotecnolog\u00eda y Nanotecnolog\u00eda (CIByN), Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n. Parque de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica","Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Av. Universidad S/N Ciudad Universitaria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biotecnolog\u00eda y Nanotecnolog\u00eda (CIByN), Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n. Parque de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169046204"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Av. Universidad S/N Ciudad Universitaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169046204"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008332198","display_name":"Erika Iveth Cedillo-Gonz\u00e1lez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5041-1404","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5041-1404"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erika Iveth Cedillo-Gonz\u00e1lez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pelucco R&D Division"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pelucco R&D Division","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039176751","display_name":"Julio Mu\u00f1oz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7611-5029","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7611-5029"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39824353","display_name":"National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics","ror":"https://ror.org/00bpmmc63","country_code":"MX","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39824353"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julio Mu\u00f1oz-Ben\u00edtez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Nacional de Astrof\u00edsica, \u00d3ptica y Electr\u00f3nica, Coordinaci\u00f3n de Ciencias Computacionales"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Nacional de Astrof\u00edsica, \u00d3ptica y Electr\u00f3nica, Coordinaci\u00f3n de Ciencias Computacionales","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39824353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043146822","display_name":"Juan Francisco Villarreal-Chiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0419-9294","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0419-9294"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169046204","display_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/01fh86n78","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169046204"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Juan Francisco Villarreal-Chiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biotecnolog\u00eda y Nanotecnolog\u00eda (CIByN), Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n. Parque de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica","Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Av. Universidad S/N Ciudad Universitaria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biotecnolog\u00eda y Nanotecnolog\u00eda (CIByN), Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n. Parque de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169046204"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Av. Universidad S/N Ciudad Universitaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169046204"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015846701","display_name":"Melissa Marlene Rodr\u00edguez-Delgado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3240-3560","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3240-3560","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4624-5172"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169046204","display_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/01fh86n78","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169046204"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Melissa Marlene Rodr\u00edguez-Delgado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biotecnolog\u00eda y Nanotecnolog\u00eda (CIByN), Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n. Parque de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica","Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Av. Universidad S/N Ciudad Universitaria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biotecnolog\u00eda y Nanotecnolog\u00eda (CIByN), Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n. Parque de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169046204"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Av. Universidad S/N Ciudad Universitaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169046204"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015846701","https://openalex.org/A5043146822"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169046204"],"apc_list":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"apc_paid":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75003236,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10212","display_name":"Electrochemical sensors and biosensors","score":0.6582000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10212","display_name":"Electrochemical sensors and biosensors","score":0.6582000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10404","display_name":"Enzyme Catalysis and Immobilization","score":0.33079999685287476,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.0034000000450760126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enzyme-biosensors","display_name":"enzyme biosensor","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enzyme-immobilization","display_name":"enzyme immobilization","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-amplification","display_name":"signal amplification","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/michaelis-menten-kinetics","display_name":"Michaelis-Menten kinetics","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mass-transfer-limitations","display_name":"mass transfer limitations","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cofactor-regeneration","display_name":"cofactor regeneration","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oriented-immobilization","display_name":"oriented immobilization","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface-engineering","display_name":"interface engineering","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrochemical-biosensor","display_name":"electrochemical biosensor","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-biosensors","display_name":"optical biosensors","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semiconductor-biosensors","display_name":"semiconductor biosensors","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-biosensors","display_name":"wearable biosensors","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-sensor-computing","display_name":"in-sensor computing","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volatile-organic-compounds","display_name":"volatile organic compounds","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enzyme-stability","display_name":"enzyme stability","score":0.7250000238418579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160756335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q669391","display_name":"Biosensor","level":2,"score":0.7666000127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183696295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696","display_name":"Biochemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.6985999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.559499979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.48840001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.47110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.4397999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42969998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197957613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407280","display_name":"Cofactor","level":3,"score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.3495999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181199279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047","display_name":"Enzyme","level":2,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118530786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134732","display_name":"Instrumentation (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.29269999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70636015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4300350","display_name":"Molecular biophysics","level":2,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fsens.2026.1933492","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsens.2026.1933492","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsens.2026.1933492","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sensors/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1933492/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210240236","display_name":"Frontiers in Sensors","issn_l":"2673-5067","issn":["2673-5067"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:85bff92e7ca043fcb7e7b482c0562fe9","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/85bff92e7ca043fcb7e7b482c0562fe9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Sensors, Vol 7 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fsens.2026.1933492","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsens.2026.1933492","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsens.2026.1933492","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sensors/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1933492/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210240236","display_name":"Frontiers in Sensors","issn_l":"2673-5067","issn":["2673-5067"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224120372.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224120372.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":121,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W754011319","https://openalex.org/W1777575432","https://openalex.org/W1965391239","https://openalex.org/W1968918207","https://openalex.org/W1973816733","https://openalex.org/W1979641251","https://openalex.org/W1983568717","https://openalex.org/W1991465730","https://openalex.org/W2011922821","https://openalex.org/W2032614749","https://openalex.org/W2040054696","https://openalex.org/W2045589426","https://openalex.org/W2060417971","https://openalex.org/W2070530276","https://openalex.org/W2172235762","https://openalex.org/W2345539723","https://openalex.org/W2501386030","https://openalex.org/W2605526125","https://openalex.org/W2735913578","https://openalex.org/W2770017628","https://openalex.org/W2802658287","https://openalex.org/W2805455356","https://openalex.org/W2806782694","https://openalex.org/W2808449910","https://openalex.org/W2888047306","https://openalex.org/W2899594101","https://openalex.org/W2901888013","https://openalex.org/W2906905739","https://openalex.org/W2910747868","https://openalex.org/W2924713583","https://openalex.org/W2952038069","https://openalex.org/W2968713652","https://openalex.org/W2971411635","https://openalex.org/W2978814369","https://openalex.org/W2980805996","https://openalex.org/W2981958052","https://openalex.org/W3019825495","https://openalex.org/W3022623268","https://openalex.org/W3025879005","https://openalex.org/W3034916340","https://openalex.org/W3035770148","https://openalex.org/W3041358487","https://openalex.org/W3079919486","https://openalex.org/W3106641796","https://openalex.org/W3109033774","https://openalex.org/W3109938515","https://openalex.org/W3119823098","https://openalex.org/W3132334948","https://openalex.org/W3135307293","https://openalex.org/W3183708606","https://openalex.org/W3186232239","https://openalex.org/W3214326795","https://openalex.org/W3217660026","https://openalex.org/W4205146893","https://openalex.org/W4205993820","https://openalex.org/W4210257488","https://openalex.org/W4210634766","https://openalex.org/W4224299322","https://openalex.org/W4280647058","https://openalex.org/W4281898251","https://openalex.org/W4283168255","https://openalex.org/W4285592333","https://openalex.org/W4293694073","https://openalex.org/W4307338511","https://openalex.org/W4309174557","https://openalex.org/W4309376542","https://openalex.org/W4317708735","https://openalex.org/W4362733741","https://openalex.org/W4363650951","https://openalex.org/W4367669982","https://openalex.org/W4380577411","https://openalex.org/W4382135795","https://openalex.org/W4389196111","https://openalex.org/W4390339078","https://openalex.org/W4390663574","https://openalex.org/W4391824035","https://openalex.org/W4392352640","https://openalex.org/W4392556922","https://openalex.org/W4392774148","https://openalex.org/W4393074247","https://openalex.org/W4393388067","https://openalex.org/W4394716512","https://openalex.org/W4399141389","https://openalex.org/W4400082825","https://openalex.org/W4400201384","https://openalex.org/W4400584672","https://openalex.org/W4404691119","https://openalex.org/W4404733188","https://openalex.org/W4405248610","https://openalex.org/W4405523592","https://openalex.org/W4405641727","https://openalex.org/W4406320572","https://openalex.org/W4407573509","https://openalex.org/W4407703509","https://openalex.org/W4408014757","https://openalex.org/W4408025986","https://openalex.org/W4408104505","https://openalex.org/W4408572167","https://openalex.org/W4409163516","https://openalex.org/W4409250879","https://openalex.org/W4409639190","https://openalex.org/W4409669313","https://openalex.org/W4409712686","https://openalex.org/W4410091049","https://openalex.org/W4410516125","https://openalex.org/W4412194775","https://openalex.org/W4412456438","https://openalex.org/W4412951836","https://openalex.org/W4413129466","https://openalex.org/W4413160785","https://openalex.org/W4413833306","https://openalex.org/W4414038102","https://openalex.org/W4415601462","https://openalex.org/W4416940062","https://openalex.org/W4417439776","https://openalex.org/W7117379354","https://openalex.org/W7125508949","https://openalex.org/W7154847031","https://openalex.org/W7160165159","https://openalex.org/W7161706761","https://openalex.org/W7162290793"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3136276900","https://openalex.org/W2906905739","https://openalex.org/W1980802031","https://openalex.org/W2075428589","https://openalex.org/W7221020017","https://openalex.org/W4386837614","https://openalex.org/W3159159109","https://openalex.org/W3217092300","https://openalex.org/W4401153703","https://openalex.org/W2949096277"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Enzymatic":[0],"biosensors":[1],"are":[2],"a":[3,158],"crucial":[4],"component":[5],"of":[6,26,50,153,192],"modern":[7],"analytical":[8],"science,":[9],"offering":[10],"exceptional":[11],"molecular":[12],"specificity":[13],"across":[14],"clinical,":[15],"environmental,":[16],"and":[17,39,67,74,84,87,103,115,127,145,175],"industrial":[18],"applications.":[19],"Despite":[20],"their":[21],"widespread":[22],"use,":[23],"the":[24,47,65,190],"development":[25],"reliable":[27],"biosensor":[28],"platforms":[29],"continues":[30],"to":[31,110,131,172],"face":[32],"challenges,":[33,188],"particularly":[34],"regarding":[35],"enzymatic":[36,52],"stability,":[37],"reproducibility,":[38],"long-term":[40],"operational":[41],"lifespan.":[42],"This":[43],"review":[44,134],"critically":[45],"examines":[46],"core":[48],"principles":[49],"high-performance":[51],"biosensors,":[53],"integrating":[54],"biochemical":[55],"fundamentals":[56],"with":[57,64],"advances":[58],"in":[59],"materials.":[60],"Our":[61],"analysis":[62],"begins":[63],"kinetic":[66,92],"thermodynamic":[68],"factors":[69,98,119],"that":[70,196],"govern":[71],"sensor":[72],"sensitivity":[73],"dynamic":[75],"range,":[76],"focusing":[77],"on":[78],"how":[79,85,163],"immobilization":[80],"alters":[81],"Michaelis\u2013Menten":[82],"parameters":[83],"diffusional":[86],"mass-transport":[88],"limitations":[89],"impact":[90],"traditional":[91],"models.":[93],"We":[94],"also":[95],"examine":[96],"environmental":[97],"such":[99,120],"as":[100,121,157],"pH,":[101],"temperature,":[102],"cofactor":[104],"regeneration.":[105],"Special":[106],"attention":[107],"is":[108,180],"given":[109],"interfacial":[111],"engineering,":[112],"comparing":[113],"oriented":[114],"random":[116],"immobilization,":[117],"considering":[118],"fabrication":[122],"complexity,":[123],"cost,":[124],"enzyme-specific":[125],"applicability,":[126],"activity":[128],"losses":[129],"due":[130],"modifications.":[132],"The":[133],"evaluates":[135],"various":[136],"signal":[137],"transduction":[138],"mechanisms,":[139],"including":[140],"electrochemical,":[141],"optical,":[142],"semiconductor-based,":[143],"wearable,":[144],"emerging":[146],"in-sensor":[147],"computing":[148],"architectures.":[149],"Using":[150],"gas-phase":[151],"biosensing":[152],"volatile":[154],"organic":[155],"compounds":[156],"case":[159],"study,":[160],"we":[161,184],"highlight":[162],"this":[164],"niche":[165],"stresses":[166],"every":[167],"design":[168],"parameter,":[169],"revealing":[170],"it":[171],"be":[173],"smaller":[174],"more":[176],"chemically":[177],"constrained":[178],"than":[179],"often":[181],"implied.":[182],"Finally,":[183],"discuss":[185],"major":[186],"unresolved":[187],"especially":[189],"lack":[191],"standardized":[193],"benchmarking":[194],"methods":[195],"would":[197],"permit":[198],"fair":[199],"comparison":[200],"between":[201],"competing":[202],"strategies.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2026-10-29T00:00:00"}