{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224117446","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216822","title":"Design and Experimental Validation of a Synchronized Multi-Rate Wireless Sensor Network for Multimodal Physiological and Biomechanical Data Acquisition","display_name":"Design and Experimental Validation of a Synchronized Multi-Rate Wireless Sensor Network for Multimodal Physiological and Biomechanical Data Acquisition","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224117446","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216822"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26216822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216822","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216822","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119531387","display_name":"Ali Pourhossein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7024-5982","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7024-5982"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Pourhossein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Age-Appropriate Human-Machine Systems, Institute of Psychology and Ergonomics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7024-5982","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Age-Appropriate Human-Machine Systems, Institute of Psychology and Ergonomics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027295639","display_name":"Charmayne Mary Lee Hughes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0575-3939","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0575-3939"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charmayne M. L. Hughes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Age-Appropriate Human-Machine Systems, Institute of Psychology and Ergonomics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0575-3939","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Age-Appropriate Human-Machine Systems, Institute of Psychology and Ergonomics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027295639"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8673528,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"21","first_page":"6822","last_page":"6822"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14353","display_name":"Wireless Sensor Networks for Data Analysis","score":0.4713999927043915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14353","display_name":"Wireless Sensor Networks for Data Analysis","score":0.4713999927043915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.3483999967575073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12941","display_name":"Embedded Systems and FPGA Design","score":0.019200000911951065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-networks","display_name":"wireless sensor networks","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"synchronization","score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-electromyography","display_name":"surface electromyography","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoplethysmography","display_name":"photoplethysmography","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-measurements","display_name":"inertial measurements","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grip-force","display_name":"grip force","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pinch-strength","display_name":"pinch strength","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/esp32-s3","display_name":"ESP32-S3","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/esp-now","display_name":"ESP-NOW","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-drift-compensation","display_name":"clock drift compensation","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/packet-delivery-reliability","display_name":"packet delivery reliability","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodal-physiological-signals","display_name":"multimodal physiological signals","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomechanical-signals","display_name":"biomechanical signals","score":0.8360000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163985040","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172399","display_name":"Data acquisition","level":2,"score":0.6309000253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.6227999925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.6029000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5763000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.570900022983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5105000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.4553999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187885","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","level":3,"score":0.42570000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187713609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2465461","display_name":"Default gateway","level":2,"score":0.39750000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.37549999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.3686999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.35179999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3357999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776902269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165493","display_name":"Continuous monitoring","level":2,"score":0.31529998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.31360000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.3091999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780023022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338171","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19619285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196372","display_name":"Observational error","level":2,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41325743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1261040","display_name":"Pressure sensor","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79061980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941680","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777515770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507369","display_name":"Electromyography","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26216822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216822","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26216822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216822","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200357866","https://openalex.org/W2809993399","https://openalex.org/W2954395149","https://openalex.org/W4391422792","https://openalex.org/W1893106589","https://openalex.org/W2793490895","https://openalex.org/W2044480112","https://openalex.org/W7125014873","https://openalex.org/W4254859678","https://openalex.org/W2110258286"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reliable":[0],"multimodal":[1],"measurement":[2],"requires":[3],"coordinated":[4],"acquisition":[5],"of":[6,121,141,150,171,185],"physiological":[7,195],"and":[8,45,48,58,73,85,98,103,156,169,189,196],"biomechanical":[9,197],"signals":[10,31],"operating":[11],"at":[12,56],"different":[13],"sampling":[14],"rates.":[15],"A":[16,128],"six-node":[17,130],"wireless":[18,174],"architecture":[19,175],"was":[20],"developed":[21],"to":[22],"support":[23],"seven":[24],"data":[25,198],"streams:":[26],"three":[27,90],"surface":[28],"electromyography":[29],"(sEMG)":[30],"(2":[32],"kHz":[33],"each),":[34],"photoplethysmography":[35],"(PPG,":[36],"400":[37],"Hz":[38,43],"configured),":[39,44],"inertial":[40],"measurements":[41],"(416":[42],"independent":[46,91,111],"pinch-":[47],"grip-force":[49],"streams":[50],"(nominal":[51],"80-SPS":[52],"HX711":[53],"mode;":[54],"measured":[55],"85.1":[57],"85.9":[59],"samples/s,":[60],"respectively).":[61],"An":[62],"ESP32-S3":[63],"gateway":[64],"uses":[65],"a":[66,115,135,172],"single":[67],"ESP-NOW":[68],"network":[69],"for":[70,193],"sensor-data":[71],"delivery":[72,97],"continuous":[74,181],"per-node":[75],"clock":[76],"compensation":[77],"while":[78],"preserving":[79],"raw":[80],"measurements,":[81,188],"sample-level":[82],"timing":[83,117],"metadata,":[84],"end-to-end":[86],"integrity":[87],"diagnostics.":[88],"Across":[89],"30-min":[92],"full-system":[93],"recordings,":[94],"pooled":[95],"packet":[96],"sample":[99],"continuity":[100],"were":[101],"99.987%":[102],"99.988%,":[104],"respectively.":[105],"External":[106],"common-input":[107],"validation":[108],"between":[109],"two":[110],"sEMG":[112],"nodes":[113],"yielded":[114,134],"drift-compensated":[116],"mean":[118,138],"absolute":[119,139],"error":[120,140],"0.0754":[122],"ms":[123,143],"across":[124,144],"897":[125],"accepted":[126],"events.":[127],"separate":[129],"GPIO":[131],"reference-pulse":[132],"test":[133],"node-clock":[136],"alignment":[137],"0.3123":[142],"5319":[145],"matched":[146],"events":[147,151],"with":[148],"99.49%":[149],"below":[152],"1":[153],"ms.":[154],"Network-load":[155],"indoor":[157],"distance":[158],"tests":[159],"further":[160],"characterized":[161],"communication":[162],"robustness.":[163],"These":[164],"results":[165],"demonstrate":[166],"the":[167],"feasibility":[168],"reliability":[170],"unified":[173],"that":[176],"integrates":[177],"heterogeneous":[178],"multi-rate":[179],"sensing,":[180],"clock-drift":[182],"compensation,":[183],"preservation":[184],"original":[186],"sensor":[187],"comprehensive":[190],"data-integrity":[191],"monitoring":[192],"synchronized":[194],"acquisition.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2026-10-29T00:00:00"}