{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224116249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.37029","title":"Superlinear cities, finite limits: Three characteristic scales of urban agglomeration","display_name":"Superlinear cities, finite limits: Three characteristic scales of urban agglomeration","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224116249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.37029"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.37029","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.37029","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.37029","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.37029","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056145487","display_name":"Somwrita Sarkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2037-0979","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2037-0979"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sarkar, Somwrita","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Sydney , Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Sydney , Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056145487"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11014","display_name":"Agglomeration and Urban Systems","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11014","display_name":"Agglomeration and Urban Systems","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12483","display_name":"Global Urban Networks and Dynamics","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12325","display_name":"Urban Design and Spatial Analysis","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-scaling","display_name":"urban scaling","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/superlinear-scaling","display_name":"superlinear scaling","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agglomeration-benefits","display_name":"agglomeration benefits","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agglomeration-diseconomies","display_name":"agglomeration diseconomies","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-income","display_name":"employee income","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rent-payment","display_name":"rent payment","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commuting-distance","display_name":"commuting distance","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-agglomerations","display_name":"urban agglomerations","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/australian-cities","display_name":"Australian cities","score":0.4970000088214874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1273860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2517710","display_name":"Diseconomies of scale","level":3,"score":0.933899998664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.7422000169754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.5539000034332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131850264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383056","display_name":"Economies of agglomeration","level":2,"score":0.5404999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5101000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85502023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157171","display_name":"Renting","level":2,"score":0.5002999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4717999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.46219998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.41830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780388253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421508","display_name":"Exponent","level":2,"score":0.3813000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.366100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.35760000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84265765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193219","display_name":"Subsidy","level":2,"score":0.3529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.33739998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29321873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5970087","display_name":"Economies of scale","level":2,"score":0.31290000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778058735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4692253","display_name":"Aggregate data","level":2,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89967458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4692248","display_name":"Aggregate behavior","level":4,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125932096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205472","display_name":"Zipf's law","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.37029","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.37029","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.37029","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2610.37029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.37029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.37029","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.37029","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.37029","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.37029","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.761900007724762,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224116249.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224116249.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2954420884","https://openalex.org/W3204192813","https://openalex.org/W4403057137","https://openalex.org/W4403057240","https://openalex.org/W7096240687","https://openalex.org/W2556868819","https://openalex.org/W1557436350","https://openalex.org/W4403057242","https://openalex.org/W2913802893","https://openalex.org/W2964018660"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Urban":[0,148],"scaling":[1,20,40,58,125,133,143],"research":[2],"has":[3],"established":[4],"that":[5],"many":[6],"socioeconomic":[7],"outputs":[8],"increase":[9,188],"superlinearly":[10],"with":[11,191,218],"city":[12,192],"population,":[13],"implying":[14],"rising":[15],"per-capita":[16],"output.":[17],"Although":[18],"urban":[19,226],"models":[21],"have":[22,29],"incorporated":[23],"infrastructural":[24],"and":[25,42,53,96,115,138,141,155,181,222],"dissipative":[26],"costs,":[27,116],"they":[28],"generally":[30],"not":[31],"identified":[32],"the":[33,46,75,82,90,97,111,124,167],"finite":[34,224],"population":[35,193],"scales":[36,227],"implied":[37],"by":[38,206],"independently":[39],"benefits":[41,52,74,103,114,215,230],"diseconomies.":[43,105],"We":[44,127],"connect":[45],"classical":[47],"urban-economic":[48],"trade-off":[49],"between":[50],"agglomeration":[51,214],"costs":[54],"to":[55,158,232],"a":[56],"generalized":[57],"framework":[59,210],"in":[60],"which":[61,101],"these":[62,129],"quantities":[63],"follow":[64],"distinct":[65],"power":[66],"laws.":[67],"When":[68],"diseconomies":[69,221],"scale":[70,164],"more":[71,189],"rapidly":[72,190],"than":[73,194],"model":[76],"yields":[77],"three":[78],"ordered":[79],"characteristic":[80,225],"populations:":[81],"first":[83],"(smallest)":[84],"maximizes":[85,92],"net":[86,94],"benefit":[87],"per":[88,177,198],"capita;":[89],"second":[91],"total":[93],"benefit;":[95],"third":[98],"(largest),":[99],"at":[100],"aggregate":[102,140,168,207],"equal":[104],"Their":[106],"absolute":[107],"values":[108],"depend":[109],"on":[110,123],"magnitudes":[112],"of":[113],"but":[117],"their":[118],"relative":[119],"separation":[120],"depends":[121],"only":[122],"exponents.":[126],"illustrate":[128],"relationships":[130],"using":[131],"published":[132],"estimates":[134],"from":[135],"several":[136],"countries,":[137],"examine":[139],"extensive--intensive":[142],"across":[144],"102":[145],"Australian":[146],"Significant":[147],"Areas.":[149],"Aggregate":[150],"employee":[151,196],"income,":[152],"rental":[153],"payments":[154],"daily":[156,186],"journey":[157],"work":[159],"commuting":[160],"distances":[161],"for":[162,185],"journeys":[163],"superlinearly,":[165],"although":[166],"rent--income":[169],"exponent":[170],"difference":[171],"is":[172],"statistically":[173],"inconclusive.":[174],"Mean":[175],"rent":[176],"reporting":[178],"renter":[179],"household":[180],"estimated":[182],"mean":[183,195],"distance":[184],"commutes":[187],"income":[197],"earner.":[199],"These":[200],"findings":[201],"reveal":[202],"intensive":[203],"differences":[204],"obscured":[205],"scaling.":[208],"The":[209],"shows":[211],"how":[212],"superlinear":[213],"can":[216],"coexist":[217],"still":[219],"faster-scaling":[220],"produce":[223],"without":[228],"requiring":[229],"themselves":[231],"become":[233],"sublinear.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-29T00:00:00"}