{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224110458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63108/ijlmh.13136","title":"AI and the Right to Privacy: A Comparative Study of India and the European Union","display_name":"AI and the Right to Privacy: A Comparative Study of India and the European Union","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224110458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63108/ijlmh.13136"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.63108/ijlmh.13136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63108/ijlmh.13136","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.63108/ijlmh.13136","pdf_url":"https://ijlmh.com/article/download/ai-right-privacy-india-european-union/1499","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407063854","display_name":"International Journal of Law Management & Humanities","issn_l":"2581-5369","issn":["2581-5369"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Law Management & Humanities","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ijlmh.com/article/download/ai-right-privacy-india-european-union/1499","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060935935","display_name":"Chahat Chawla","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191972202","display_name":"Amity University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n9z0v62","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191972202"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chahat Chawla","raw_affiliation_strings":["LL.M. Student at Amity Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LL.M. Student at Amity Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191972202"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060935935"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191972202"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96312589,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"V","first_page":"3404","last_page":"3419"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"artificial intelligence","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/right-to-privacy","display_name":"right to privacy","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/india","display_name":"India","score":0.382999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-union","display_name":"European Union","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-personal-data-protection-act-2023","display_name":"Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-data-protection-regulation","display_name":"General Data Protection Regulation","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eu-ai-act","display_name":"EU AI Act","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-decision-making","display_name":"automated decision-making","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-transparency","display_name":"algorithmic transparency","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometric-surveillance","display_name":"biometric surveillance","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constitutional-rights","display_name":"constitutional rights","score":0.5379999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-law","display_name":"comparative law","score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-protection-law","display_name":"data protection law","score":0.5619999766349792}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.6798999905586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.6776999831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52487910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911488","display_name":"Data Protection Directive","level":4,"score":0.5871000289916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3090818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172506","display_name":"General Data Protection Regulation","level":3,"score":0.5763999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5166000127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.4846000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.47440001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.47369998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777596936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727002","display_name":"Charter","level":2,"score":0.4625000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158129432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7766927","display_name":"Statutory law","level":2,"score":0.4578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18650270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11206","display_name":"Constitutional law","level":2,"score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.3937000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.37959998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115314567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208202","display_name":"European Union law","level":3,"score":0.36579999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.34310001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.3424000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.33730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776393157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113462","display_name":"Digital rights","level":2,"score":0.33570000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.3109000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95691615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3237872","display_name":"Fundamental rights","level":3,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776847301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44918","display_name":"Rule of law","level":3,"score":0.30790001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78524284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6031155","display_name":"Information privacy law","level":4,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776154427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7755","display_name":"Constitution","level":2,"score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.28690001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170706310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30216","display_name":"Common law","level":2,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149209484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q741338","display_name":"Comparative law","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.63108/ijlmh.13136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63108/ijlmh.13136","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.63108/ijlmh.13136","pdf_url":"https://ijlmh.com/article/download/ai-right-privacy-india-european-union/1499","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407063854","display_name":"International Journal of Law Management & Humanities","issn_l":"2581-5369","issn":["2581-5369"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Law Management & Humanities","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.63108/ijlmh.13136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63108/ijlmh.13136","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.63108/ijlmh.13136","pdf_url":"https://ijlmh.com/article/download/ai-right-privacy-india-european-union/1499","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407063854","display_name":"International Journal of Law Management & Humanities","issn_l":"2581-5369","issn":["2581-5369"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Law Management & Humanities","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224110458.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224110458.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1640628807","https://openalex.org/W2483331806","https://openalex.org/W2768879061","https://openalex.org/W2770363731","https://openalex.org/W2784231342","https://openalex.org/W2910338073","https://openalex.org/W3124443940","https://openalex.org/W4237617041"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7162860630","https://openalex.org/W7167685744","https://openalex.org/W7130373959","https://openalex.org/W7162671574","https://openalex.org/W7204456504","https://openalex.org/W4414704152","https://openalex.org/W7149027222","https://openalex.org/W7172409136","https://openalex.org/W7204657080","https://openalex.org/W7164319869"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0,152],"intelligence":[1,60,199],"has":[2,71],"turned":[3],"privacy":[4],"from":[5],"a":[6,48,72,119,205],"question":[7],"of":[8,13,33,42,109,121,131,142,228],"disclosure":[9],"alone":[10],"into":[11,128],"one":[12],"continuous":[14],"data":[15,56,183,192],"collection,":[16],"inference,":[17],"prediction":[18],"and":[19,50,67,79,98,150,168,176,187,195,220],"consequential":[20],"decision-making.":[21],"This":[22,101],"Article":[23],"asks":[24],"whether":[25],"Indian":[26,207],"law":[27,194],"offers":[28],"protection":[29,57,193],"against":[30],"such":[31],"forms":[32],"data-intensive":[34],"power":[35],"that":[36,41],"is":[37,85,103,173],"as":[38,40,130],"layered":[39],"the":[43,106,110,140,145,151,188,196,229],"European":[44,135,171,230],"Union.":[45],"It":[46],"adopts":[47],"doctrinal":[49],"comparative":[51],"approach,":[52],"analysing":[53],"constitutional":[54,74],"rights,":[55],"laws,":[58],"artificial":[59,198],"legislation,":[61],"key":[62],"case":[63],"law,":[64],"institutional":[65],"documents":[66],"enforcement":[68],"data.":[69],"India":[70],"solid":[73],"framework":[75,84],"for":[76],"dignity,":[77],"autonomy":[78],"proportionality,":[80],"but":[81],"its":[82],"statutory":[83],"less":[86],"specific":[87],"on":[88,159,180,211],"solely":[89],"automated":[90,164],"decisions,":[91,165],"explanations,":[92],"meaningful":[93],"human":[94],"intervention,":[95],"biometric":[96,216],"surveillance":[97],"model":[99,172,181],"training.":[100],"gap":[102],"widened":[104],"by":[105,137,185],"phased":[107],"commencement":[108],"Digital":[111],"Personal":[112],"Data":[113,147],"Protection":[114,148],"Act,":[115,154],"2023,":[116],"under":[117],"which":[118],"number":[120],"substantive":[122],"obligations":[123],"had":[124],"yet":[125],"to":[126,204],"come":[127],"force":[129],"September":[132],"2026.":[133],"The":[134,170,201],"Union,":[136],"comparison,":[138],"combines":[139],"Charter":[141],"Fundamental":[143],"Rights,":[144],"General":[146],"Regulation":[149],"Intelligence":[153],"producing":[155],"more":[156],"detailed":[157],"rules":[158],"lawful":[160],"processing,":[161],"sensitive":[162],"data,":[163],"risk":[166],"management":[167],"transparency.":[169],"nonetheless":[174],"fragmented":[175],"highly":[177],"technical,":[178],"especially":[179],"training,":[182],"inferred":[184],"models,":[186],"blurred":[189],"boundary":[190],"between":[191],"new":[197],"law.":[200],"comparison":[202],"points":[203],"calibrated":[206],"reform":[208],"agenda":[209],"built":[210],"contestability,":[212],"high-risk":[213],"impact":[214],"assessment,":[215],"safeguards,":[217],"training-data":[218],"accountability":[219],"independent":[221],"technical":[222],"oversight,":[223],"rather":[224],"than":[225],"wholesale":[226],"transplantation":[227],"Union":[231],"regime.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2026-10-29T00:00:00"}