{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224109243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182110968","title":"Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Driving Forces of Land Use/Land Cover Change in the \u201cTwo Shelters and Three Belts\u201d Ecological Barrier Area in China","display_name":"Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Driving Forces of Land Use/Land Cover Change in the \u201cTwo Shelters and Three Belts\u201d Ecological Barrier Area in China","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224109243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182110968"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su182110968","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182110968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182110968","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182110968","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159999730","display_name":"Jingbai Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0684-0488","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0684-0488"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160391749","display_name":"Jiaying University","ror":"https://ror.org/018jdfk45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160391749"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingbai Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography and Tourism, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0684-0488","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Tourism, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160391749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070602347","display_name":"Youcun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6241-8806","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6241-8806","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9573-6051"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160391749","display_name":"Jiaying University","ror":"https://ror.org/018jdfk45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160391749"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Youcun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography and Tourism, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Tourism, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160391749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160032937","display_name":"Zhiyun Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160391749","display_name":"Jiaying University","ror":"https://ror.org/018jdfk45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160391749"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography and Tourism, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Tourism, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160391749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160052716","display_name":"Zuolun Xie","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160391749","display_name":"Jiaying University","ror":"https://ror.org/018jdfk45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160391749"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zuolun Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography and Tourism, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Tourism, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160391749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160015086","display_name":"Meixia Ren","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160391749","display_name":"Jiaying University","ror":"https://ror.org/018jdfk45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160391749"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meixia Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography and Tourism, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Tourism, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160391749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070602347"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160391749"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7839468,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"21","first_page":"10968","last_page":"10968"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13203","display_name":"Environmental Changes in China","score":0.7411999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13203","display_name":"Environmental Changes in China","score":0.7411999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.25850000977516174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use-and-land-cover-change","display_name":"land use and land cover change","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-expansion","display_name":"urban expansion","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-expansion","display_name":"forest expansion","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reforestation-policy","display_name":"reforestation policy","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-policy","display_name":"environmental policy","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bare-land-loss","display_name":"bare land loss","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/farmland-loss","display_name":"agricultural land loss","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatiotemporal-patterns","display_name":"spatiotemporal patterns","score":0.7979999780654907}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39853841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161078","display_name":"Urbanization","level":2,"score":0.7297999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.6478000283241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154575652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815818","display_name":"Reforestation","level":2,"score":0.6248000264167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.566100001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.5271000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5024999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17206440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6484056","display_name":"Land development","level":3,"score":0.39719998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122690726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3348639","display_name":"Land use, land-use change and forestry","level":3,"score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.38350000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780083587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5308081","display_name":"Driving factors","level":3,"score":0.3723999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777399953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155658","display_name":"Deforestation (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3476000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158049464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1075337","display_name":"Urban climate","level":3,"score":0.3418000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.32850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778719706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501447","display_name":"Local government","level":2,"score":0.3208000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198428699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334780","display_name":"Environmental degradation","level":2,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158830683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411457","display_name":"Transfer payment","level":3,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526734887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832237","display_name":"Environmental protection","level":1,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16989226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16934857","display_name":"Environmental change","level":3,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C559400886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001056","display_name":"Land management","level":3,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58941895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295865","display_name":"Ecosystem services","level":3,"score":0.2825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137607661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66493932","display_name":"Land tenure","level":3,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71762439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843920","display_name":"Arable land","level":3,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49545453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69883","display_name":"Urban planning","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552854447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201","display_name":"Sustainable development","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781291010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178580","display_name":"Period (music)","level":2,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29985473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188460","display_name":"Natural resource","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/su182110968","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182110968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182110968","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su182110968","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182110968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182110968","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.875},{"display_name":"Life on land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.8518999814987183},{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.685699999332428}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324803","display_name":"Jiaying University","ror":"https://ror.org/018jdfk45"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2019652370","https://openalex.org/W2029422432","https://openalex.org/W2029518406","https://openalex.org/W2551060432","https://openalex.org/W2584743460","https://openalex.org/W2592210822","https://openalex.org/W2793757297","https://openalex.org/W2805360922","https://openalex.org/W2890235430","https://openalex.org/W2892608725","https://openalex.org/W2897628225","https://openalex.org/W2932737671","https://openalex.org/W2949588185","https://openalex.org/W2955866982","https://openalex.org/W2971897573","https://openalex.org/W2980684978","https://openalex.org/W2984864926","https://openalex.org/W2990067988","https://openalex.org/W2999919103","https://openalex.org/W3011990492","https://openalex.org/W3012002706","https://openalex.org/W3045117344","https://openalex.org/W3089807766","https://openalex.org/W3093215896","https://openalex.org/W3127664409","https://openalex.org/W3133662003","https://openalex.org/W3147124669","https://openalex.org/W3163503561","https://openalex.org/W3165220038","https://openalex.org/W3202194211","https://openalex.org/W3213426859","https://openalex.org/W4200110597","https://openalex.org/W4206927504","https://openalex.org/W4220952637","https://openalex.org/W4281397892","https://openalex.org/W4283027330","https://openalex.org/W4287981263","https://openalex.org/W4293522903","https://openalex.org/W4296352956","https://openalex.org/W4306873857","https://openalex.org/W4312192763","https://openalex.org/W4315776762","https://openalex.org/W4319061315","https://openalex.org/W4384701121","https://openalex.org/W4386829280","https://openalex.org/W4391609217","https://openalex.org/W4391713567","https://openalex.org/W4399573588","https://openalex.org/W4400317719","https://openalex.org/W4406244347","https://openalex.org/W4409503438","https://openalex.org/W4409746825","https://openalex.org/W4410313202","https://openalex.org/W4412200589","https://openalex.org/W4412733938","https://openalex.org/W4413956768","https://openalex.org/W4414124374","https://openalex.org/W4416732860","https://openalex.org/W7138995225"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7213683433","https://openalex.org/W4399748805","https://openalex.org/W2618951505","https://openalex.org/W2365717091","https://openalex.org/W4402944565","https://openalex.org/W4410560561","https://openalex.org/W4405024597","https://openalex.org/W4398202234","https://openalex.org/W4412958250","https://openalex.org/W2902933825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Urban":[0],"expansion":[1],"has":[2,57],"sparked":[3],"an":[4,14],"escalating":[5],"conflict":[6],"between":[7,153],"land":[8,17,28,89,103,114,129,141,168,175,248],"supply":[9],"and":[10,22,35,51,64,86,108,120,137,155,160,169,173,246],"demand,":[11],"leading":[12],"to":[13,44,67,82,97,234],"imbalance":[15],"in":[16,48,92,132,143,177,210],"use":[18,29,90],"structure,":[19],"ecological":[20,24,39,46,62],"degradation,":[21],"other":[23],"security":[25,40,47],"issues.":[26],"Monitoring":[27],"change":[30,91],"within":[31],"the":[32,53,69,75,84,93,106,113,138,144,148,158,178,187,206],"\u201cTwo":[33],"Shelters":[34],"Three":[36],"Belts\u201d":[37],"(TSTB)":[38],"barrier":[41],"is":[42,151,180],"crucial":[43],"maintaining":[45],"East":[49],"Asia":[50],"even":[52],"world.":[54],"Prior":[55],"research":[56],"predominantly":[58],"concentrated":[59],"on":[60,147,231],"local":[61,232],"monitoring":[63],"analysis,":[65,119],"failing":[66],"capture":[68],"broader":[70],"scale.":[71],"This":[72],"study":[73],"employs":[74],"Climate":[76],"Change":[77],"Initiative":[78],"Land":[79],"Cover":[80],"data":[81],"uncover":[83],"trends":[85],"patterns":[87],"of":[88,112,140],"TSTB":[94,179],"from":[95,193],"2005":[96],"2021.":[98],"The":[99,124],"analysis":[100],"utilizes":[101],"a":[102,133,218,236],"transfer":[104,130,142,176],"matrix,":[105],"positive":[107],"negative":[109,219],"transformation":[110],"index":[111],"cover":[115],"model,":[116],"Pearson\u2019s":[117],"correlation":[118],"zonal":[121],"statistical":[122],"methods.":[123],"findings":[125],"indicate":[126],"that:":[127],"(1)":[128],"occurs":[131],"clear":[134],"clustered":[135],"pattern,":[136],"impact":[139],"previous":[145],"period":[146,150],"subsequent":[149],"roughly":[152],"92%":[154],"99%;":[156],"(2)":[157],"urban":[159],"forest":[161],"areas":[162],"have":[163,171,217],"expanded":[164],"spatially,":[165],"while":[166],"bare":[167],"farmland":[170],"contracted;":[172],"(3)":[174],"primarily":[181],"driven":[182],"by":[183],"policy":[184],"initiatives,":[185],"particularly":[186,200],"reforestation":[188],"policy,":[189],"with":[190],"less":[191],"influence":[192],"natural":[194],"factors.":[195],"In":[196],"conclusion,":[197],"human":[198,214],"activity,":[199],"environmental":[201,228],"protection":[202],"policies,":[203],"positively":[204],"impacts":[205],"overall":[207],"environment,":[208],"yet":[209],"specific":[211],"areas,":[212],"individual":[213],"actions":[215],"can":[216],"effect.":[220],"Thus,":[221],"relevant":[222],"government":[223],"agencies":[224],"must":[225],"implement":[226],"tailored":[227],"policies":[229],"based":[230],"conditions":[233],"foster":[235],"new":[237],"urbanization":[238],"trajectory":[239],"that":[240],"emphasizes":[241],"economic":[242],"intensification":[243],"alongside":[244],"green":[245],"low-carbon":[247],"management.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2026-10-29T00:00:00"}
