{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224108172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.26.761928","title":"Growing Macroscopic Functional Human Tissues on 3D Printed Peptide Hydrogels","display_name":"Growing Macroscopic Functional Human Tissues on 3D Printed Peptide Hydrogels","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224108172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.26.761928"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.26.761928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.26.761928","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.26.761928","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/28/2026.10.26.761928.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/28/2026.10.26.761928.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056739459","display_name":"Adam C. Farsheed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0310-2144","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0310-2144"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1307098950","display_name":"Salk Institute for Biological Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/03xez1567","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam C. Farsheed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0310-2144","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119246922","display_name":"Jonathan T. Makhoul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0996-7914","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0996-7914"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan T. Makhoul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioengineering, Rice University; Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0996-7914","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, Rice University; Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160032838","display_name":"Justin Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1307098950","display_name":"Salk Institute for Biological Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/03xez1567","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Justin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077958810","display_name":"Michael Andrew Thornton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5041-4584","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5041-4584"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1307098950","display_name":"Salk Institute for Biological Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/03xez1567","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael A. Thornton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5041-4584","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090950506","display_name":"E. C. Maldonado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3234-1752","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3234-1752"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1307098950","display_name":"Salk Institute for Biological Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/03xez1567","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eros Maldonado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3234-1752","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5154137856","display_name":"Samhan Alsolami","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1307098950","display_name":"Salk Institute for Biological Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/03xez1567","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samhan Alsolami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160047500","display_name":"Erica Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1307098950","display_name":"Salk Institute for Biological Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/03xez1567","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erica Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035722103","display_name":"Crystal Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6645-2435","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6645-2435"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1307098950","display_name":"Salk Institute for Biological Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/03xez1567","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Crystal Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109181026","display_name":"S. Hodge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5712-2866","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5712-2866"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1307098950","display_name":"Salk Institute for Biological Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/03xez1567","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sydney Hodge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5712-2866","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111277679","display_name":"Joshua M. Pratt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6989-5855","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6989-5855"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1307098950","display_name":"Salk Institute for Biological Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/03xez1567","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua M. Pratt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6989-5855","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090565424","display_name":"Sarah Fernandes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8795-0575","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8795-0575"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1307098950","display_name":"Salk Institute for Biological Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/03xez1567","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Fernandes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8795-0575","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158025420","display_name":"Yang Han","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego; La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego; La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101875797","display_name":"Le Tracy Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9904-6460","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9904-6460"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le Tracy Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, Rice University; Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9904-6460","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, Rice University; Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070797200","display_name":"Nino Gvalia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8182-5236","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8182-5236"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1307098950","display_name":"Salk Institute for Biological Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/03xez1567","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nino Gvalia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8182-5236","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101958517","display_name":"Lisa E. Mitchell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2695-7594","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2695-7594"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1307098950","display_name":"Salk Institute for Biological Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/03xez1567","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lisa Mitchell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2695-7594","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055474760","display_name":"Elisa Gorostieta-Salas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8485-705X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8485-705X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1307098950","display_name":"Salk Institute for Biological Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/03xez1567","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisa Gorostieta-Salas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8485-705X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018156812","display_name":"Jeffrey R. Jones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7570-2571","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7570-2571"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1307098950","display_name":"Salk Institute for Biological Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/03xez1567","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey R. Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7570-2571","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071074539","display_name":"Jeffrey D. Hartgerink","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3186-5395","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3186-5395"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey D. Hartgerink","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioengineering, Rice University; Houston, TX, USA","Department of Chemistry, Rice University; Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3186-5395","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, Rice University; Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, Rice University; Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072968010","display_name":"Fred H. Gage","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0938-4106","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0938-4106"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1307098950","display_name":"Salk Institute for Biological Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/03xez1567","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fred H. Gage","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0938-4106","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072968010"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1307098950"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11190","display_name":"3D Printing in Biomedical Research","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11190","display_name":"3D Printing in Biomedical Research","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11419","display_name":"Supramolecular Self-Assembly in Materials","score":0.012799999676644802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2502","display_name":"Biomaterials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10343","display_name":"Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1313","display_name":"Molecular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/myocardium","display_name":"myocardium","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nervous-tissue","display_name":"nervous tissue","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-organoids","display_name":"brain organoids","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/axonal-projections","display_name":"axonal projections","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dentate-gyrus","display_name":"dentate gyrus","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ca3","display_name":"CA3","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hippocampus","display_name":"hippocampus","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-organization","display_name":"self-organization","score":0.5839999914169312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108586683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164826","display_name":"Self-healing hydrogels","level":2,"score":0.8673999905586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019308078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229367","display_name":"3d printed","level":2,"score":0.7236999869346619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779281246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172847","display_name":"Peptide","level":2,"score":0.513700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31695470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11293125","display_name":"Organoid","level":2,"score":0.49880000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.4973999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10854531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061415","display_name":"Regenerative medicine","level":3,"score":0.4724000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107459253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q674925","display_name":"Induced pluripotent stem cell","level":4,"score":0.4611999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.451200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776464000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545787","display_name":"Dentate gyrus","level":3,"score":0.4503999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.390500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12554922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100","display_name":"Biophysics","level":1,"score":0.33570000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.33550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779560670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7448019","display_name":"Self-assembling peptide","level":3,"score":0.33239999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.31349998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136834591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2944097","display_name":"Neural stem cell","level":3,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136525101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139","display_name":"Fabrication","level":3,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49892992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540285","display_name":"Tissue engineering","level":2,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175369904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208395","display_name":"Spheroid","level":3,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984127161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q969316","display_name":"Neural activity","level":2,"score":0.2953999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777670902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q492038","display_name":"Human brain","level":2,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38858127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441228","display_name":"Feed forward","level":2,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28328180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48196","display_name":"Stem cell","level":2,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145103041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151519","display_name":"Embryonic stem cell","level":3,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.26.761928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.26.761928","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.26.761928","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/28/2026.10.26.761928.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.26.761928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.26.761928","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.26.761928","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/28/2026.10.26.761928.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4681108017","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"T32 NS136094","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306171","display_name":"California Institute for Regenerative Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/033m8b439"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309446","display_name":"Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/011x6n313"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310133","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","display_name":"National Institute on Aging","ror":"https://ror.org/049v75w11"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4562087700","display_name":"National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F793054061","display_name":"Freedom Together Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224108172.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224108172.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7121003256","https://openalex.org/W7127104749","https://openalex.org/W7134902005","https://openalex.org/W7160275556","https://openalex.org/W7168257321"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3087688686","https://openalex.org/W3115300622","https://openalex.org/W4416041932","https://openalex.org/W4241899607","https://openalex.org/W4306928538","https://openalex.org/W7203509899","https://openalex.org/W3210104782","https://openalex.org/W4385330852","https://openalex.org/W4313556218","https://openalex.org/W3185045026"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Human":[1],"organs":[2],"are":[3],"hierarchically":[4],"organized":[5],"into":[6],"specialized":[7],"substructures":[8],"whose":[9],"coordinated":[10],"interactions":[11],"give":[12],"rise":[13],"to":[14,48,75],"tissue-scale":[15],"function.":[16],"While":[17],"cells":[18],"and":[19,69,100,103],"organoids":[20],"readily":[21],"self-organize":[22],"across":[23],"cellular":[24],"length":[25],"scales":[26],"in":[27,138],"vitro,":[28],"controlling":[29],"their":[30],"architecture":[31,125],"over":[32],"larger":[33],"dimensions":[34],"remains":[35],"challenging.":[36],"Here,":[37],"we":[38],"use":[39],"3D-printed":[40],"peptide":[41,63],"hydrogels":[42,64],"as":[43],"macroscopic":[44,124],"frameworks":[45],"on":[46],"which":[47],"grow":[49],"human":[50,136],"pluripotent":[51],"stem":[52],"cell-derived":[53],"tissues.":[54,71],"Support-bath-assisted":[55],"3D":[56],"printing":[57],"allows":[58],"for":[59],"the":[60,81,110,116,131],"fabrication":[61],"of":[62,83,115,135],"that":[65],"support":[66,104],"functional":[67,105],"cardiac":[68],"neural":[70,85],"Extending":[72],"this":[73],"strategy":[74],"self-organizing":[76,133],"tissues,":[77],"high-aspect-ratio":[78],"scaffolds":[79],"enable":[80],"growth":[82],"centimeter-scale":[84],"organoid":[86],"beds.":[87],"Finally,":[88],"printed":[89],"hydrogel":[90],"connectoids":[91],"guide":[92],"axonal":[93],"projections":[94],"between":[95],"pre-patterned":[96],"dentate":[97],"gyrus":[98],"(DG)-":[99],"CA3-enriched":[101],"spheroids":[102],"communication":[106],"directionally":[107],"biased":[108],"toward":[109],"canonical":[111],"feedforward":[112],"DG-to-CA3":[113],"pathway":[114],"hippocampus.":[117],"In":[118],"total,":[119],"these":[120],"results":[121],"demonstrate":[122],"how":[123],"can":[126],"be":[127],"specified":[128],"while":[129],"preserving":[130],"intrinsic":[132],"capacity":[134],"tissues":[137],"vitro.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-29T00:00:00"}