{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224101558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.cir-25-1508","title":"Tumor-Immune Microenvironment of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer: Implications for Immune-Based Prevention and Therapy","display_name":"Tumor-Immune Microenvironment of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer: Implications for Immune-Based Prevention and Therapy","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224101558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.cir-25-1508","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42949048"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-25-1508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.cir-25-1508","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.cir-25-1508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765010658","display_name":"Cancer Immunology Research","issn_l":"2326-6066","issn":["2326-6066","2326-6074"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320273","host_organization_name":"American Association for Cancer Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for Cancer Research"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cancer Immunology Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004033411","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Perea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5522-8844","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5522-8844"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I105140100","display_name":"Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/027pk6j83","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105140100"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134045","display_name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca","ror":"https://ror.org/03em6xj44","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184999862","https://openalex.org/I4210099034","https://openalex.org/I4210134045"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143378","display_name":"IMDEA Food","ror":"https://ror.org/04g4ezh90","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105140100","https://openalex.org/I4210143378"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163047","display_name":"IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05d538656","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153126","https://openalex.org/I4210163047"]}],"countries":["ES","IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Perea","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy","2Department of Surgery, Vithas Arturo Soria University Hospital, Madrid, Spain","3Molecular Oncology Group, IMDEA Nutrition (former IMDEA Food), Madrid, Spain","4Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Sports. Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5522-8844","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163047"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Department of Surgery, Vithas Arturo Soria University Hospital, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"3Molecular Oncology Group, IMDEA Nutrition (former IMDEA Food), Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I105140100","https://openalex.org/I4210143378"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"4Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Sports. Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120583614","display_name":"Mar\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez-Sanmartin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2445-3026","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2445-3026"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801357902","display_name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","ror":"https://ror.org/00ca2c886","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4387152914"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mar\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez-Sanmart\u00edn","raw_affiliation_strings":["6PhD Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain","Instituto de Salud Carlos III 5 Immunopathology and Viral Reservoir Unit, National Center of Microbiology, , Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2445-3026","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"6PhD Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III 5 Immunopathology and Viral Reservoir Unit, National Center of Microbiology, , Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007242104","display_name":"Mayte Coiras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6464-5770","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6464-5770"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801357902","display_name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","ror":"https://ror.org/00ca2c886","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4387152914"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405268343","display_name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Enfermedades Infecciosas","ror":"https://ror.org/00nd8zg79","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405268343"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mayte Coiras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Salud Carlos III 5 Immunopathology and Viral Reservoir Unit, National Center of Microbiology, , Madrid, Spain","Instituto de Salud Carlos III 7 Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), , Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6464-5770","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III 5 Immunopathology and Viral Reservoir Unit, National Center of Microbiology, , Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III 7 Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), , Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4405268343"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076818447","display_name":"Shuji Ogino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3909-2323","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3909-2323"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107606265","display_name":"Broad Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05a0ya142","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107606265"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283280774","display_name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6nzv94","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121934306","https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuji Ogino","raw_affiliation_strings":["10Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts","11Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts","9Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts","Brigham & Women\u2019s Hospital 8 Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, , Boston, Massachusetts"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3909-2323","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"10Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"11Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107606265"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"9Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brigham & Women\u2019s Hospital 8 Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, , Boston, Massachusetts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004033411"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I105140100","https://openalex.org/I4210134045","https://openalex.org/I4210143378","https://openalex.org/I4210163047"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83340305,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"OF1","last_page":"OF15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10158","display_name":"Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers","score":0.8622999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10158","display_name":"Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers","score":0.8622999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11369","display_name":"Genetic factors in colorectal cancer","score":0.08240000158548355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11067","display_name":"Colorectal Cancer Treatments and Studies","score":0.02759999968111515,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-onset-colorectal-cancer","display_name":"early-onset colorectal cancer","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-immune-microenvironment","display_name":"tumor immune microenvironment","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-evasion","display_name":"immune evasion","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mismatch-repair-deficiency","display_name":"mismatch repair deficiency","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chromosomal-instability","display_name":"chromosomal instability","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dna-methylation","display_name":"DNA methylation","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neoantigens","display_name":"neoantigens","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antigen-presentation","display_name":"antigen presentation","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gut-microbiota","display_name":"gut microbiota","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dysbiosis","display_name":"dysbiosis","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mucosal-immunity","display_name":"mucosal immunity","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemoprevention","display_name":"chemoprevention","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colorectal-cancer-screening","display_name":"colorectal cancer screening","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-checkpoint-blockade","display_name":"immune checkpoint blockade","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microsatellite-stable-colorectal-cancer","display_name":"microsatellite stable colorectal cancer","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-related-immune-differences","display_name":"age-related immune differences","score":0.5550000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777701055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427096","display_name":"Immunotherapy","level":3,"score":0.6678000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776107976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786433","display_name":"Tumor microenvironment","level":3,"score":0.6391000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121912465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3589153","display_name":"Epigenomics","level":5,"score":0.6201000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.60589998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.5648000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526805850","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188874","display_name":"Colorectal cancer","level":3,"score":0.5573999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780851360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21686041","display_name":"Immune checkpoint","level":4,"score":0.54339998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143121216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330402","display_name":"Microbiome","level":2,"score":0.4968999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780674031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2012719","display_name":"Cancer immunotherapy","level":4,"score":0.49410000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4821000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776885095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immunosurveillance","level":3,"score":0.4230000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778468042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273976","display_name":"Blockade","level":3,"score":0.38839998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3643999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136449434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428253","display_name":"Innate immune system","level":3,"score":0.3626999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779341262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182581","display_name":"Immunity","level":3,"score":0.36250001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193419808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1645075","display_name":"Acquired immune system","level":3,"score":0.3425000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777702733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1356761","display_name":"Immune tolerance","level":3,"score":0.34220001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147483822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103537","display_name":"Antigen","level":2,"score":0.3418999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190727270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q874745","display_name":"DNA methylation","level":4,"score":0.32690000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781230642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q492646","display_name":"Targeted therapy","level":3,"score":0.32330000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781273526","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18032797","display_name":"ARID1A","level":4,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502942594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3421914","display_name":"Cancer research","level":1,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21705690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2907609","display_name":"CTLA-4","level":4,"score":0.3160000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780057760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13896859","display_name":"Pembrolizumab","level":4,"score":0.2964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779767149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q488212","display_name":"Microsatellite instability","level":5,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3875195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5099363","display_name":"Chimeric antigen receptor","level":4,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018558359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1660157","display_name":"Immune escape","level":3,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778719978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6931261","display_name":"Mucosal immunology","level":4,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780265533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974691","display_name":"Epidermodysplasia verruciformis","level":3,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.2567000091075897}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-25-1508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.cir-25-1508","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.cir-25-1508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765010658","display_name":"Cancer Immunology Research","issn_l":"2326-6066","issn":["2326-6066","2326-6074"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320273","host_organization_name":"American Association for Cancer Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for Cancer Research"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cancer Immunology Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42949048","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42949048","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cancer immunology research","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306095","display_name":"American Cancer Society","ror":"https://ror.org/02e463172"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334923","display_name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","ror":"https://ror.org/00ca2c886"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4415523642","https://openalex.org/W7162657068","https://openalex.org/W4322503583","https://openalex.org/W4410804702","https://openalex.org/W7135168202","https://openalex.org/W4410804528","https://openalex.org/W7223714919","https://openalex.org/W4399879784","https://openalex.org/W4399872463","https://openalex.org/W7164407327"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Early-onset":[0],"colorectal":[1,7],"cancer":[2,8],"(EOCRC),":[3],"typically":[4],"defined":[5],"as":[6,118,157],"diagnosed":[9],"before":[10],"50":[11],"years":[12],"of":[13,38,60,67,75,160],"age,":[14],"is":[15],"increasing":[16],"in":[17,139,193],"incidence":[18],"worldwide":[19],"and":[20,25,40,45,62,82,88,115,127,136,152,154,163,179,182,184,190],"exhibits":[21],"distinctive":[22],"clinical,":[23],"molecular,":[24],"environmental":[26],"features":[27,74],"compared":[28],"with":[29,65],"later-onset":[30],"(LOCRC)":[31],"disease.":[32],"However,":[33],"the":[34,58,76,194],"tumor-immune":[35],"microenvironment":[36],"(TiME)":[37],"EOCRC":[39,61,77,197],"its":[41],"implications":[42],"for":[43],"prevention":[44,174],"therapy":[46],"remain":[47],"poorly":[48],"characterized.":[49],"In":[50],"this":[51],"review,":[52],"we":[53,143,167],"synthesize":[54],"current":[55],"evidence":[56],"on":[57,148],"TiME":[59],"contrast":[63],"it":[64],"that":[66],"conventional":[68],"LOCRC.":[69],"We":[70,111],"first":[71],"discuss":[72],"global":[73],"immune":[78,84,137],"landscape,":[79],"including":[80,187],"innate":[81],"adaptive":[83],"composition,":[85],"functional":[86],"states,":[87],"spatial":[89],"organization,":[90],"highlighting":[91],"areas":[92],"where":[93],"apparent":[94],"age-related":[95],"differences":[96],"reflect":[97],"true":[98],"biology":[99],"versus":[100],"confounding":[101],"by":[102],"tumor":[103,164],"site,":[104],"stage,":[105],"or":[106],"mismatch":[107],"repair":[108],"(MMR)":[109],"status.":[110],"then":[112],"examine":[113],"immunogenomic":[114],"epigenomic":[116],"determinants-such":[117],"MMR":[119],"deficiency":[120],"distribution,":[121],"microbial":[122],"mutational":[123],"signatures,":[124],"chromosomal":[125],"instability,":[126],"age-conditioned":[128],"methylation":[129],"programs-that":[130],"shape":[131],"neoantigen":[132],"landscapes,":[133],"antigen":[134],"presentation,":[135],"evasion":[138],"younger":[140],"patients.":[141],"Next,":[142],"review":[144],"microbiome-driven":[145],"immunomodulation,":[146],"focusing":[147],"dysbiosis,":[149],"genotoxic":[150],"bacteria,":[151],"early-life":[153],"young-adult":[155],"exposures":[156],"joint":[158],"modifiers":[159],"mucosal":[161],"immunity":[162],"development.":[165],"Finally,":[166],"explore":[168],"how":[169],"these":[170],"insights":[171],"inform":[172],"immune-based":[173],"(risk":[175],"stratification,":[176],"screening,":[177],"diet":[178],"microbiome":[180],"interventions,":[181],"chemoprevention)":[183],"immunotherapy":[185],"strategies,":[186],"checkpoint":[188],"blockade":[189],"rational":[191],"combinations":[192],"predominant":[195],"microsatellite-stable":[196],"population.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2026-10-29T00:00:00"}
