{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224101056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.36007","title":"Derivation of OH sum rules without Rayleigh--Jeans approximation: a powerful tool for measuring the variation of fundamental physical constants","display_name":"Derivation of OH sum rules without Rayleigh--Jeans approximation: a powerful tool for measuring the variation of fundamental physical constants","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224101056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.36007"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.36007","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.36007","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.36007","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.36007","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101135695","display_name":"Renzhi Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2432-2587","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2432-2587"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799714274","display_name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/003n8re58","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2799714274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Su, Renzhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Astronomical Observatory , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 80 Nandan Road , Shanghai 200030 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 80 Nandan Road , Shanghai 200030 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2799714274"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048814763","display_name":"Minfeng Gu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799714274","display_name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/003n8re58","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2799714274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gu, Minfeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Astronomical Observatory , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 80 Nandan Road , Shanghai 200030 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 80 Nandan Road , Shanghai 200030 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2799714274"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10523","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics","score":0.4115999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10523","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics","score":0.4115999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12967","display_name":"Molecular Spectroscopy and Structure","score":0.1437000036239624,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11111","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Laser Applications","score":0.13809999823570251,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-depth","display_name":"optical depth","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundamental-physical-constants","display_name":"fundamental physical constants","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/einstein-a-coefficients","display_name":"Einstein A coefficients","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transition-dipole-moment","display_name":"transition dipole moment","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/masers","display_name":"masers","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-thermodynamic-equilibrium","display_name":"local thermodynamic equilibrium","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forbidden-transitions","display_name":"forbidden transitions","score":0.6069999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75432250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29654355","display_name":"Real line","level":2,"score":0.5627999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.5525000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5378999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.536300003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5238999724388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.4397999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146846114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901448","display_name":"Einstein","level":2,"score":0.4352000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173523689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215589","display_name":"Dipole","level":2,"score":0.42730000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.420199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53105687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173227","display_name":"Physical constant","level":2,"score":0.4142000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777027219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.384799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131157278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51363","display_name":"Thermodynamic equilibrium","level":2,"score":0.3781000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62689967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1205942","display_name":"Variation of parameters","level":3,"score":0.3725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780790625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900855","display_name":"Einstein relation","level":3,"score":0.35420000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.3490999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.301800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.30140000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.28450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135889238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46276","display_name":"Kinetic energy","level":2,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179254644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222844","display_name":"Moment (physics)","level":2,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45542137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381040","display_name":"Complex conjugate","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.36007","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.36007","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.36007","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2610.36007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.36007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.36007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.36007","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.36007","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.36007","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000369757","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12603034","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224101056.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224101056.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7213294041","https://openalex.org/W1982712687","https://openalex.org/W2001183685","https://openalex.org/W2045595568","https://openalex.org/W2045946561","https://openalex.org/W2033485410","https://openalex.org/W2441261183","https://openalex.org/W2031979603","https://openalex.org/W2084494760","https://openalex.org/W33225339"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"show":[4],"that":[5,90],"the":[6,31,55,64,98],"optical":[7],"depths":[8],"of":[9,100],"any":[10],"OH":[11],"$\u039b$-doublet":[12],"quartet":[13],"obey":[14],"one":[15],"exact":[16],"linear":[17],"relation":[18,48],"in":[19,74],"every":[20],"velocity":[21],"channel.":[22],"No":[23],"approximation":[24],"is":[25,30,44,49,92],"needed.":[26],"The":[27,47],"only":[28],"exception":[29],"$^{2}\u03a0_{1/2}$":[32],"$J{=}1/2$":[33],"level,":[34],"which":[35],"has":[36],"three":[37],"transitions":[38],"only,":[39],"because":[40],"its":[41],"$F{=}0{\\leftrightarrow}0$":[42],"line":[43],"strictly":[45],"forbidden.":[46],"$\u03c4_{S_1}(v)/\u03bc_{S_1}^{2}+\u03c4_{S_2}(v)/\u03bc_{S_2}^{2}=\u03c4_{M_1}(v)/(a\u03bc_{M_1}^{2})+\u03c4_{M_2}(v)/(b\u03bc_{M_2}^{2})$,":[50],"where":[51],"$a=2J^{2}+J-1$,":[52],"$b=2J^{2}+3J$,":[53],"and":[54,84],"$\u03bc_i^{2}$":[56],"are":[57],"reduced":[58],"transition":[59],"dipole":[60],"moments":[61],"derived":[62],"from":[63],"catalogued":[65],"Einstein":[66],"$A$":[67],"coefficients.":[68],"It":[69],"holds":[70],"equally":[71],"for":[72,79,82,85,96],"gas":[73],"local":[75],"thermodynamic":[76],"equilibrium":[77],"(LTE),":[78],"non-LTE":[80],"gas,":[81],"masers":[83],"conjugate":[86],"gas.":[87],"We":[88],"suggest":[89],"it":[91],"a":[93],"powerful":[94],"tool":[95],"measuring":[97],"variation":[99],"fundamental":[101],"physical":[102],"constants.":[103]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-10-29T00:00:00"}
