{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224100747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.36089","title":"Heavy Seeds and the Multi-scale Fueling of Early Supermassive Black Holes and Little Red Dots","display_name":"Heavy Seeds and the Multi-scale Fueling of Early Supermassive Black Holes and Little Red Dots","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224100747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.36089"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.36089","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.36089","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.36089","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.36089","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085676839","display_name":"Junehyoung Jeon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6038-5016","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6038-5016"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeon, Junehyoung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cosmic Frontier Center , The University of Texas , Austin , TX 78712 , USA","Department of Astronomy , University of Texas , Austin , TX 78712 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cosmic Frontier Center , The University of Texas , Austin , TX 78712 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy , University of Texas , Austin , TX 78712 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086780511","display_name":"Volker Bromm","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0212-2979","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0212-2979"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bromm, Volker","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160005857","display_name":"Boyuan Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Boyuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Theoretische Astrophysik , Zentrum f\u00fcr Astronomie , Universit\u00e4t Heidelberg , D-69120 Heidelberg , Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Theoretische Astrophysik , Zentrum f\u00fcr Astronomie , Universit\u00e4t Heidelberg , D-69120 Heidelberg , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018942506","display_name":"Stella S. R. Offner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1252-9916","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1252-9916"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Offner, Stella S. R.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Astronomy , University of Texas , Austin , TX 78712 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy , University of Texas , Austin , TX 78712 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046509454","display_name":"Anthony J. Newman Taylor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1282-7454","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1282-7454"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taylor, Anthony J.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cosmic Frontier Center , The University of Texas , Austin , TX 78712 , USA","Department of Astronomy , University of Texas , Austin , TX 78712 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cosmic Frontier Center , The University of Texas , Austin , TX 78712 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy , University of Texas , Austin , TX 78712 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071420730","display_name":"Steven L. Finkelstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8519-1130","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8519-1130"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Finkelstein, Steven L.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cosmic Frontier Center , The University of Texas , Austin , TX 78712 , USA","Department of Astronomy , University of Texas , Austin , TX 78712 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cosmic Frontier Center , The University of Texas , Austin , TX 78712 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy , University of Texas , Austin , TX 78712 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10744","display_name":"Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations","score":0.011500000022351742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10477","display_name":"Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supermassive-black-hole-formation","display_name":"supermassive black hole formation","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/little-red-dots","display_name":"Little Red Dots","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-collapse-black-holes","display_name":"direct collapse black holes","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stellar-remnants","display_name":"stellar remnants","score":0.5799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/super-eddington-accretion","display_name":"super-Eddington accretion","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-accretion","display_name":"gas accretion","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-galactic-nuclei","display_name":"active galactic nuclei","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-redshift-quasars","display_name":"high-redshift quasars","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/balmer-break","display_name":"Balmer break","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-universe","display_name":"early universe","score":0.515999972820282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.9175999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173120059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40392","display_name":"Supermassive black hole","level":3,"score":0.8962000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.7813000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.5860999822616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3756855","display_name":"Accretion (finance)","level":2,"score":0.4657000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173220165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653711","display_name":"Balmer series","level":4,"score":0.4194999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987592732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2513","display_name":"Hubble space telescope","level":3,"score":0.39910000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84999194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1","display_name":"Universe","level":2,"score":0.38690000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778576794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186447","display_name":"James Webb Space Telescope","level":3,"score":0.37040001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50341732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q880302","display_name":"Black hole (networking)","level":5,"score":0.3573000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43481613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46587","display_name":"Active galactic nucleus","level":3,"score":0.34779998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26405456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338","display_name":"Cosmology","level":2,"score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780848835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4213","display_name":"Telescope","level":2,"score":0.30730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4839761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212111","display_name":"Spectral line","level":2,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30424772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285924","display_name":"Gamma-ray burst progenitors","level":5,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195803813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q237604","display_name":"Accretion disc","level":2,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146867326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914363","display_name":"Structure formation","level":3,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174802034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1995140","display_name":"Galaxy formation and evolution","level":3,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135041427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83373","display_name":"Quasar","level":3,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125857072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16744","display_name":"Star formation","level":3,"score":0.2554999887943268}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.36089","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.36089","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.36089","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2610.36089","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.36089","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.36089","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.36089","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.36089","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.36089","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224100747.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224100747.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4417025127","https://openalex.org/W7125374539","https://openalex.org/W7131881103","https://openalex.org/W7154491570","https://openalex.org/W7158905425","https://openalex.org/W7161559503","https://openalex.org/W7162462038","https://openalex.org/W7163123414","https://openalex.org/W7164198106","https://openalex.org/W7166647029","https://openalex.org/W7167098553","https://openalex.org/W7171834705","https://openalex.org/W7206208287","https://openalex.org/W7211888788","https://openalex.org/W7212115035","https://openalex.org/W7212668738","https://openalex.org/W7213423498"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7206152710","https://openalex.org/W7120272302","https://openalex.org/W7163543842","https://openalex.org/W7212463210","https://openalex.org/W7155179073","https://openalex.org/W4413340305","https://openalex.org/W4416283982","https://openalex.org/W7128162159","https://openalex.org/W4404314315","https://openalex.org/W7202098080"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"formation":[1,59,118],"of":[2,37,46,69,155,165,212],"supermassive":[3],"black":[4,131],"holes":[5],"(SMBHs)":[6],"in":[7,163,169],"the":[8,18,27,31,63,66,77,105,120,127,136,140,142,178,190,210],"early":[9],"Universe":[10],"has":[11,51],"been":[12],"a":[13,87,91,99,153],"longstanding":[14],"mystery":[15],"due":[16,144],"to":[17,22,145,151,188,215],"brief":[19],"period":[20],"available":[21],"assemble":[23,216],"them.":[24],"More":[25],"recently,":[26],"unexpected":[28],"discovery":[29],"with":[30,76,229],"James":[32],"Webb":[33],"Space":[34],"Telescope":[35],"(JWST)":[36],"Little":[38],"Red":[39],"Dots":[40],"(LRDs),":[41],"compact":[42,67],"sources":[43],"exhibiting":[44],"signatures":[45],"active":[47],"galactic":[48],"nuclei":[49],"(AGN),":[50],"accentuated":[52],"this":[53,83],"challenge.":[54],"Cosmological":[55],"simulations":[56],"investigating":[57],"their":[58],"and":[60,103,126,160,171,184,207,224],"evolution":[61],"confront":[62],"limitation":[64,84],"that":[65,203],"scale":[68],"SMBH/LRD":[70],"physics":[71],"cannot":[72,181],"be":[73],"simultaneously":[74],"resolved":[75],"larger-scale":[78],"cosmological":[79,100],"environment.":[80],"We":[81,114],"address":[82],"by":[85,139,196],"utilizing":[86],"cutout":[88,106],"technique,":[89],"selecting":[90],"targeted":[92],"region":[93],"around":[94,219],"an":[95,173],"SMBH":[96,117],"seed":[97,123],"from":[98],"parent":[101],"simulation":[102],"re-running":[104],"at":[107],"higher":[108],"(sub-pc)":[109],"resolution":[110],"for":[111],"shorter":[112],"periods.":[113],"explore":[115],"two":[116],"scenarios:":[119],"standard,":[121],"light":[122],"stellar-remnant":[124],"case,":[125],"heavy-seed,":[128],"direct":[129],"collapse":[130],"hole":[132],"(DCBH)":[133],"channel.":[134],"Within":[135],"high-resolution":[137],"achieved":[138],"cutouts,":[141],"DCBH,":[143],"its":[146],"larger":[147],"mass,":[148],"is":[149],"able":[150],"induce":[152],"buildup":[154],"high":[156],"density":[157],"gas":[158,162,192,197,218],"nearby":[159,191],"accrete":[161],"bursts":[164],"super-Eddington":[166],"phases,":[167],"growing":[168],"mass":[170],"producing":[172,225],"LRD-like":[174],"spectrum.":[175],"In":[176],"contrast,":[177],"stellar":[179],"remnant":[180],"do":[182],"so":[183],"remains":[185],"dormant,":[186],"unable":[187],"affect":[189],"or":[193],"significantly":[194],"evolve":[195],"accretion":[198],"alone.":[199],"Therefore,":[200],"we":[201],"find":[202],"observed":[204],"high-redshift":[205],"SMBHs":[206],"LRDs":[208],"require":[209],"existence":[211],"heavy":[213],"seeds":[214],"dense":[217],"themselves,":[220],"enabling":[221],"efficient":[222],"growth":[223],"red":[226],"optical":[227],"spectra":[228],"strong":[230],"Balmer":[231],"breaks":[232],"resembling":[233],"LRDs.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-10-29T00:00:00"}