{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224100339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0967828x.2026.2737428","title":"Learning to trade: the English East India Company\u2019s business strategy and activities in Tonkin (1672\u20131697)","display_name":"Learning to trade: the English East India Company\u2019s business strategy and activities in Tonkin (1672\u20131697)","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224100339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0967828x.2026.2737428"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/0967828x.2026.2737428","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0967828x.2026.2737428","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0967828x.2026.2737428","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187020704","display_name":"South East Asia Research","issn_l":"0967-828X","issn":["0967-828X","2043-6874"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"South East Asia Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017554261","display_name":"Ngoc Dung Tran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9631-1097","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9631-1097"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134331","display_name":"Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics","ror":"https://ror.org/03hgy0s07","country_code":"VN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134331"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ngoc Dung Tran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134331"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101902310","display_name":"Ho\u00e0ng Anh Tu\u1ea5n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9881-6718","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9881-6718"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405262989","display_name":"VNU University of Social Sciences and Humanities","ror":"https://ror.org/011109p83","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177233841","https://openalex.org/I4405262989"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anh Tuan Hoang","raw_affiliation_strings":["VNU University of Social Sciences and Humanities"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VNU University of Social Sciences and Humanities","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405262989"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120460342","display_name":"Ninh Xu\u00e2n Thao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135822937","display_name":"Hanoi National University of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/0360g3z42","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135822937"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Thao Ninh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hanoi National University of Education"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hanoi National University of Education","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135822937"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017554261"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134331"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95808166,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13215","display_name":"Global Maritime and Colonial Histories","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13215","display_name":"Global Maritime and Colonial Histories","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14141","display_name":"Colonial History and Postcolonial Studies","score":0.008200000040233135,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10605","display_name":"Historical Economic and Social Studies","score":0.006599999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/british-east-india-company","display_name":"British East India Company","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-strategy","display_name":"business strategy","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-learning","display_name":"organizational learning","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-innovation","display_name":"business innovation","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china-trade","display_name":"China trade","score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indian-trade","display_name":"Indian trade","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/17th-century","display_name":"17th century","score":0.5299999713897705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40149104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5620977","display_name":"Factory (object-oriented programming)","level":2,"score":0.6078000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76775654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27231","display_name":"East Asia","level":3,"score":0.5641999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107029721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19188","display_name":"Mainland China","level":3,"score":0.5623999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.5202999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.476500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48243021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932522","display_name":"Strategic planning","level":2,"score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.4422000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86275758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376657","display_name":"Strategic management","level":2,"score":0.4302999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781300146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140140","display_name":"Mainland","level":2,"score":0.4194999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42525527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1209955","display_name":"Formative assessment","level":2,"score":0.4077000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58546491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1150207","display_name":"Competitive advantage","level":2,"score":0.3734999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.3531999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.35269999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.34700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3345000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96820896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471400","display_name":"Business history","level":2,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206440729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4806809","display_name":"Asian studies","level":3,"score":0.31439998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019975073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19188","display_name":"China mainland","level":3,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2953999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33566652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1065927","display_name":"Theme (computing)","level":2,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019398675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11708","display_name":"Southeast asia","level":2,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779670282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1299906","display_name":"Regionalisation","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41866144","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202398","display_name":"Industrialisation","level":2,"score":0.2549999952316284}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/0967828x.2026.2737428","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0967828x.2026.2737428","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0967828x.2026.2737428","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187020704","display_name":"South East Asia Research","issn_l":"0967-828X","issn":["0967-828X","2043-6874"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"South East Asia Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.7207000255584717}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W193546670","https://openalex.org/W572438471","https://openalex.org/W576978664","https://openalex.org/W1995688441","https://openalex.org/W1996193839","https://openalex.org/W2005015459","https://openalex.org/W2007962151","https://openalex.org/W2019630069","https://openalex.org/W2023407789","https://openalex.org/W2028733111","https://openalex.org/W2045636098","https://openalex.org/W2058621068","https://openalex.org/W2061250829","https://openalex.org/W2082380665","https://openalex.org/W2118505167","https://openalex.org/W2130861758","https://openalex.org/W2140612493","https://openalex.org/W2151211538","https://openalex.org/W2157845326","https://openalex.org/W2159587069","https://openalex.org/W2316739714","https://openalex.org/W2317165682","https://openalex.org/W2318679647","https://openalex.org/W2487942179","https://openalex.org/W2493882242","https://openalex.org/W2504863232","https://openalex.org/W2574138629","https://openalex.org/W2742846204","https://openalex.org/W2751316650","https://openalex.org/W3167009260","https://openalex.org/W3204903215","https://openalex.org/W4230651904","https://openalex.org/W4233054066","https://openalex.org/W4233366243","https://openalex.org/W4253159583","https://openalex.org/W4284888401","https://openalex.org/W4389830929","https://openalex.org/W4399235760","https://openalex.org/W4399294734"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3025841124","https://openalex.org/W4399235760","https://openalex.org/W4231848250","https://openalex.org/W2477040450","https://openalex.org/W2297334107","https://openalex.org/W3102879175","https://openalex.org/W2184873588","https://openalex.org/W2486350413","https://openalex.org/W1524136585","https://openalex.org/W4284888401"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"analyses":[2],"primary":[3],"materials":[4],"relating":[5],"to":[6,15,29,43,59,70,146],"the":[7,12,18,32,64,78,84,92,114,117,127,132],"English":[8],"Tonkin":[9,28,85],"factory":[10,86],"in":[11,63,77,91,126,160],"British":[13],"Library":[14],"argue":[16],"that":[17],"East":[19,93],"India":[20,94],"Company":[21],"created":[22],"a":[23,68,72,88,121,147],"trading":[24,47,124,155],"innovation":[25,102],"by":[26],"using":[27],"connect":[30],"with":[31],"potential":[33],"markets":[34],"of":[35,51,100,150],"mainland":[36],"China":[37],"and":[38,54,61,110,139],"India,":[39],"rather":[40],"than":[41],"having":[42],"go":[44],"through":[45],"existing":[46],"links.":[48],"Their":[49],"adaptations":[50],"business":[52],"strategy":[53],"daily":[55],"trade":[56],"enabled":[57],"them":[58],"learn":[60],"improve":[62],"seventeenth":[65],"century":[66],"\u2013":[67],"precursor":[69],"becoming":[71],"hugely":[73],"powerful":[74],"commercial":[75,101,158],"organization":[76],"next":[79],"century.":[80,129],"In":[81],"this":[82,143],"sense,":[83],"represents":[87],"formative":[89],"stage":[90],"Company\u2019s":[95,118],"evolution:":[96],"an":[97],"early":[98,152],"laboratory":[99],"where":[103],"lessons":[104],"learned":[105],"from":[106],"navigating":[107],"environmental,":[108],"political":[109],"competitive":[111],"challenges":[112],"laid":[113],"foundation":[115],"for":[116],"emergence":[119],"as":[120],"dominant":[122],"global":[123],"enterprise":[125],"eighteenth":[128],"By":[130],"highlighting":[131],"interplay":[133],"between":[134],"local":[135],"engagement,":[136],"strategic":[137],"experimentation":[138],"long-term":[140],"organizational":[141],"learning,":[142],"study":[144],"contributes":[145],"deeper":[148],"understanding":[149],"how":[151],"modern":[153],"European":[154],"companies":[156],"constructed":[157],"power":[159],"Asia.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2026-10-29T00:00:00"}