{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224095924","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.71166","title":"Enzymatically Active Liposomal Nanobots for the Penetration of Intercellular and Intracellular Barriers","display_name":"Enzymatically Active Liposomal Nanobots for the Penetration of Intercellular and Intracellular Barriers","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224095924","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.71166","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42948872"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/smtd.71166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.71166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.71166","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/smtd.71166","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232622","display_name":"Small Methods","issn_l":"2366-9608","issn":["2366-9608"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Small Methods","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/smtd.71166","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160048241","display_name":"Yanfang Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3802-8131","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3802-8131"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405270142","display_name":"Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/004vy8c88","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405270142"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanfang Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicine and Health Harbin Institute of Technology  Harbin China","Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Biomedical Materials, Wenzhou Institute University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Wenzhou China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3802-8131","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine and Health Harbin Institute of Technology  Harbin China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Biomedical Materials, Wenzhou Institute University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Wenzhou China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405270142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078310723","display_name":"Mingjun Xuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6006-6082","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6006-6082"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405270142","display_name":"Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/004vy8c88","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405270142"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mingjun Xuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Biomedical Materials, Wenzhou Institute University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Wenzhou China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6006-6082","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Biomedical Materials, Wenzhou Institute University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Wenzhou China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405270142"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010600639","display_name":"Qiang Zhi He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3557-6865","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3557-6865"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qiang He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicine and Health Harbin Institute of Technology  Harbin China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3557-6865","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine and Health Harbin Institute of Technology  Harbin China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010600639","https://openalex.org/A5078310723"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213","https://openalex.org/I4405270142"],"apc_list":{"value":4640,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4640},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68267113,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10063","display_name":"Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery","score":0.6021000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2502","display_name":"Biomaterials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10063","display_name":"Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery","score":0.6021000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2502","display_name":"Biomaterials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11486","display_name":"Micro and Nano Robotics","score":0.3917999863624573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10782","display_name":"Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glucose-oxidase","display_name":"glucose oxidase","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bacterial-outer-membrane-vesicles","display_name":"bacterial outer membrane vesicles","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doxorubicin-delivery","display_name":"doxorubicin delivery","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lysosome-escape","display_name":"lysosomal escape","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffusiophoresis","display_name":"diffusiophoresis","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemotaxis","display_name":"chemotaxis","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-microenvironment","display_name":"tumor microenvironment","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ph-responsive-drug-release","display_name":"pH-responsive drug release","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intracellular-drug-delivery","display_name":"intracellular drug delivery","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanomedicine","display_name":"nanomedicine","score":0.671999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79879829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5571762","display_name":"Intracellular","level":2,"score":0.7876999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.6958000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185154212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410454","display_name":"Liposome","level":2,"score":0.6247000098228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12554922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100","display_name":"Biophysics","level":1,"score":0.5878000259399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.5551000237464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779820397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1392806","display_name":"Drug delivery","level":2,"score":0.5439000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189206","display_name":"Vesicle","level":3,"score":0.4700999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80107235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162625","display_name":"Penetration (warfare)","level":2,"score":0.4593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776107976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786433","display_name":"Tumor microenvironment","level":3,"score":0.4578999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20518536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6840469","display_name":"Microvesicles","level":4,"score":0.43309998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.3856000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102747710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q824237","display_name":"Endosome","level":3,"score":0.3790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58207958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33596","display_name":"Motility","level":2,"score":0.3508000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780216420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83330","display_name":"Lysosome","level":3,"score":0.34220001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49039625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84230","display_name":"Secretion","level":2,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139770010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339807","display_name":"Internalization","level":3,"score":0.32010000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175969161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323426","display_name":"Exocytosis","level":3,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778106830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29548","display_name":"Cell membrane","level":3,"score":0.30660000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13245373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3715494","display_name":"Drug carrier","level":3,"score":0.2994000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41625074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088","display_name":"Membrane","level":2,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168240541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45948","display_name":"Organelle","level":2,"score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776885095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immunosurveillance","level":3,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40017333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321362","display_name":"Pinocytosis","level":4,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28005876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189814","display_name":"Endocytosis","level":3,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781326480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7041501","display_name":"Nitroreductase","level":3,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203635412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007432","display_name":"Compartment (ship)","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15083742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q261659","display_name":"Nanomedicine","level":3,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54166955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q658145","display_name":"Chemotaxis","level":3,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98539663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220599","display_name":"Cytosol","level":3,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781261824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903634","display_name":"Exosome","level":5,"score":0.25369998812675476}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/smtd.71166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.71166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.71166","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/smtd.71166","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232622","display_name":"Small Methods","issn_l":"2366-9608","issn":["2366-9608"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Small Methods","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42948872","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42948872","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Small methods","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/smtd.71166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.71166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.71166","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/smtd.71166","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232622","display_name":"Small Methods","issn_l":"2366-9608","issn":["2366-9608"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Small Methods","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3904776372","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22193033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5884973199","display_name":"\u9176\u9a71\u52a8\u7eb3\u7c73\u9a6c\u8fbe\u4ecb\u5bfc\u7684\u8de8\u8840\u8111\u5c4f\u969c\u836f\u7269\u9012\u9001\u53ca\u8111\u80f6\u8d28\u7624\u6cbb\u7597\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"LMS26B030004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323970","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224095924.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224095924.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2566722304","https://openalex.org/W2602664206","https://openalex.org/W2762121208","https://openalex.org/W2954597343","https://openalex.org/W2988213534","https://openalex.org/W2998882776","https://openalex.org/W3035693563","https://openalex.org/W3109746568","https://openalex.org/W3180194790","https://openalex.org/W4220781212","https://openalex.org/W4223433564","https://openalex.org/W4290643250","https://openalex.org/W4307309182","https://openalex.org/W4319302850","https://openalex.org/W4365479301","https://openalex.org/W4385955490","https://openalex.org/W4386387566","https://openalex.org/W4387034053","https://openalex.org/W4387814935","https://openalex.org/W4387955487","https://openalex.org/W4388753569","https://openalex.org/W4388966580","https://openalex.org/W4389992857","https://openalex.org/W4390691543","https://openalex.org/W4390880476","https://openalex.org/W4391654288","https://openalex.org/W4391655333","https://openalex.org/W4392367035","https://openalex.org/W4392376530","https://openalex.org/W4393252940","https://openalex.org/W4393322035","https://openalex.org/W4399562705","https://openalex.org/W4401588316","https://openalex.org/W4403684611","https://openalex.org/W4405280510","https://openalex.org/W4407940436","https://openalex.org/W4410897209","https://openalex.org/W4414168008","https://openalex.org/W4416440140","https://openalex.org/W7118173250","https://openalex.org/W7127137211","https://openalex.org/W7155601280"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7128477651","https://openalex.org/W4220781212","https://openalex.org/W4414168008","https://openalex.org/W4417463755","https://openalex.org/W4417027616","https://openalex.org/W2770579810","https://openalex.org/W4416479675","https://openalex.org/W7128796413","https://openalex.org/W4411177396","https://openalex.org/W7221816095"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Delivery":[0],"systems":[1],"for":[2,88,193],"nanomedicine":[3],"are":[4,8,76,125],"critical,":[5],"however,":[6],"they":[7],"restricted":[9],"by":[10,128],"intercellular":[11,161],"and":[12,40,48,54,66,75,104,130,142,151,154],"intracellular":[13,52],"barriers":[14],"including":[15],"lysosomal":[16,56],"sequestration":[17],"after":[18],"cellular":[19,188],"uptake,":[20],"that":[21,43,71],"impede":[22],"penetration":[23],"from":[24,61],"the":[25,28,91,114,123],"tissue":[26],"to":[27,82,117],"subcellular":[29],"level.":[30],"Here,":[31],"we":[32],"report":[33],"a":[34,84,134,191],"liposomal":[35],"nanobot":[36,59,177],"with":[37,79],"enzymatic":[38],"propulsion":[39],"drug-payload":[41],"capabilities":[42],"exhibits":[44],"tumor":[45,115,119,170,195],"microenvironment":[46,116],"responsiveness":[47],"active":[49,55,143,181],"penetration,":[50],"enabling":[51,172],"transport":[53],"escape.":[57],"This":[58,176],"arises":[60],"phase-separated":[62],"vesicles":[63,70],"of":[64,93,186],"liposome":[65],"bacterial":[67],"outer":[68],"membrane":[69,140],"possess":[72],"doxorubicin-encapsulation":[73],"capability":[74],"asymmetrically":[77],"functionalized":[78],"glucose":[80],"oxidase":[81],"form":[83],"Janus":[85],"catalytic":[86,139],"interface":[87],"self-diffusiophoresis":[89],"in":[90,113],"presence":[92],"glucose.":[94],"Under":[95],"mildly":[96],"acidic":[97,108],"conditions,":[98],"these":[99],"nanobots":[100,124],"display":[101],"enhanced":[102,173],"motility":[103],"chemotactic":[105],"migration":[106],"toward":[107,149],"regions,":[109],"leveraging":[110],"pH":[111],"gradients":[112],"infiltrate":[118],"spheroids.":[120],"Once":[121],"internalized,":[122],"rapidly":[126],"captured":[127],"lysosomes":[129],"subsequently":[131],"escape,":[132],"as":[133],"plausible":[135],"chemo-mechanical":[136],"mechanism":[137],"involving":[138],"perturbation":[141],"motion.":[144],"Then":[145],"nanobot-associated":[146],"signals":[147],"redistribute":[148],"ER-":[150],"Golgi-associated":[152],"compartments":[153],"persist":[155],"across":[156],"successive":[157],"recipient":[158],"cells,":[159,171],"supporting":[160],"relay":[162],"transport.":[163],"The":[164],"encapsulated":[165],"drug":[166,182],"is":[167],"released":[168],"within":[169],"antitumor":[174],"efficacy.":[175],"thus":[178],"demonstrates":[179],"an":[180],"delivery":[183],"system":[184],"capable":[185],"traversing":[187],"barriers,":[189],"providing":[190],"strategy":[192],"precision":[194],"therapy.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-29T00:00:00"}
