{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224094261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children13111489","title":"Neurodevelopment of Very Preterm Infants Who Participated in a Randomised Trial of Live Versus Heat-Inactivated Probiotics: A Long-Term Follow-Up Study","display_name":"Neurodevelopment of Very Preterm Infants Who Participated in a Randomised Trial of Live Versus Heat-Inactivated Probiotics: A Long-Term Follow-Up Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224094261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children13111489"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/children13111489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children13111489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children13111489","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736895435","display_name":"Children","issn_l":"2227-9067","issn":["2227-9067"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Children","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children13111489","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036040489","display_name":"Puja Mehkarkar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801351171","display_name":"King Edward Memorial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00ns3e792","country_code":"AU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801351171"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Puja Mehkarkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neonatology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Perth, WA 6008, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neonatology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Perth, WA 6008, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801351171"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016946221","display_name":"Gayatri Athalye\u2010Jape","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4732-6043","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4732-6043"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801351171","display_name":"King Edward Memorial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00ns3e792","country_code":"AU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801351171"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gayatri Athalye-Jape","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neonatology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Perth, WA 6008, Australia","School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4732-6043","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neonatology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Perth, WA 6008, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801351171"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069230549","display_name":"Angela Jacques","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0461-681X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0461-681X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800419323","display_name":"Princess Margaret Hospital for Children","ror":"https://ror.org/04ec98z42","country_code":"AU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799506148","https://openalex.org/I2800419323","https://openalex.org/I2800882159","https://openalex.org/I4387155440"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387155440","display_name":"Perth Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/015zx6n37","country_code":"AU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387155440"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angela Jacques","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Department, Perth Children\u2019s Hospital, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0461-681X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Department, Perth Children\u2019s Hospital, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Perth, WA 6009, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800419323","https://openalex.org/I4387155440"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091103116","display_name":"Sanjay Patole","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2651-1477","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2651-1477","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6704-8912"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801351171","display_name":"King Edward Memorial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00ns3e792","country_code":"AU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801351171"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjay Patole","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neonatology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Perth, WA 6008, Australia","School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2651-1477","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neonatology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Perth, WA 6008, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801351171"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016946221"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127","https://openalex.org/I2801351171"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88100376,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"11","first_page":"1489","last_page":"1489"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11060","display_name":"Infant Development and Preterm Care","score":0.8324999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11060","display_name":"Infant Development and Preterm Care","score":0.8324999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11294","display_name":"Infant Nutrition and Health","score":0.07400000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11184","display_name":"Neonatal and fetal brain pathology","score":0.03350000083446503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/very-preterm-infants","display_name":"very preterm infants","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probiotics","display_name":"probiotics","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-inactivated-probiotics","display_name":"heat-inactivated probiotics","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-development","display_name":"brain development","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cerebral-palsy","display_name":"cerebral palsy","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autism-spectrum-disorder","display_name":"autism spectrum disorder","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensory-impairment","display_name":"sensory impairment","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iq","display_name":"IQ","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-term-follow-up","display_name":"long-term follow-up","score":0.6830000281333923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8123999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.7196000218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779421357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210427","display_name":"Cerebral palsy","level":2,"score":0.7186999917030334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205778803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38404","display_name":"Autism","level":2,"score":0.5382999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778538070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436063","display_name":"Autism spectrum disorder","level":3,"score":0.5333999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103728769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812554","display_name":"Bayley Scales of Infant Development","level":4,"score":0.4966999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.4952000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166047926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170277","display_name":"Intelligence quotient","level":3,"score":0.44119998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44778022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1581081","display_name":"Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence","level":5,"score":0.4350999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778376644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2253111","display_name":"Gestational age","level":3,"score":0.40619999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109260823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407784","display_name":"Child development","level":2,"score":0.37709999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164953862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256440","display_name":"Psychomotor learning","level":3,"score":0.37049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.36039999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777082460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3377398","display_name":"Early childhood","level":2,"score":0.3312000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89798072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141779","display_name":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale","level":3,"score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020552372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1079090","display_name":"Typically developing","level":3,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776344615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625506","display_name":"Premature birth","level":4,"score":0.2547000050544739}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/children13111489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children13111489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children13111489","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736895435","display_name":"Children","issn_l":"2227-9067","issn":["2227-9067"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Children","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/children13111489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children13111489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children13111489","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736895435","display_name":"Children","issn_l":"2227-9067","issn":["2227-9067"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Children","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2035673458","https://openalex.org/W2113203952","https://openalex.org/W2810457622","https://openalex.org/W2901728423","https://openalex.org/W2946568639","https://openalex.org/W2947616036","https://openalex.org/W3038698648","https://openalex.org/W3059301501","https://openalex.org/W3081255347","https://openalex.org/W3087000429","https://openalex.org/W3093521289","https://openalex.org/W3094330590","https://openalex.org/W3135012325","https://openalex.org/W3164637288","https://openalex.org/W3190654999","https://openalex.org/W3205359199","https://openalex.org/W3205871332","https://openalex.org/W3216051146","https://openalex.org/W4205577987","https://openalex.org/W4205948442","https://openalex.org/W4210559051","https://openalex.org/W4285594917","https://openalex.org/W4298108881","https://openalex.org/W4307564619","https://openalex.org/W4308120667","https://openalex.org/W4309172769","https://openalex.org/W4313397932","https://openalex.org/W4320725931","https://openalex.org/W4320920700","https://openalex.org/W4383377898","https://openalex.org/W4387779287","https://openalex.org/W4388538867","https://openalex.org/W4396498613","https://openalex.org/W4405282835","https://openalex.org/W4409038979","https://openalex.org/W4409289002","https://openalex.org/W4410512162","https://openalex.org/W4412848486","https://openalex.org/W4414518570","https://openalex.org/W4415855076","https://openalex.org/W4416132274","https://openalex.org/W7133303491","https://openalex.org/W7143277847","https://openalex.org/W7148477620","https://openalex.org/W7154513675","https://openalex.org/W7166733100"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770323313","https://openalex.org/W7117974504","https://openalex.org/W3081255347","https://openalex.org/W2897679920","https://openalex.org/W4413385235","https://openalex.org/W4320725931","https://openalex.org/W4387161084","https://openalex.org/W4401664704","https://openalex.org/W2980690719","https://openalex.org/W2028390444"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"and":[1,24,76,97,100,109,143,161,204,218,228],"Objective:":[2],"Our":[3],"previously":[4],"reported":[5],"randomised":[6,234],"trial":[7,63],"(ProPara)":[8],"showed":[9],"that":[10],"supplementation":[11,217],"with":[12,18],"a":[13],"live":[14,221],"probiotic":[15,20],"(P)":[16],"compared":[17],"heat-inactivated":[19],"(HP)":[21],"was":[22,86],"safe":[23],"had":[25],"comparable":[26,178,195,210],"intestinal":[27],"anti-inflammatory":[28],"effect":[29],"in":[30,48,122,184],"very":[31],"preterm":[32,43],"(VP)":[33],"infants":[34,44,213],"<":[35],"32":[36],"weeks.":[37],"Assessing":[38],"the":[39,106,118,123,224],"long-term":[40,58,68,241],"neurodevelopment":[41],"of":[42,112,155],"exposed":[45],"to":[46,56,239],"HP":[47,216],"early":[49,202],"postnatal":[50],"life":[51],"is":[52],"important.":[53],"We":[54],"aimed":[55],"compare":[57],"neurodevelopmental":[59,139],"outcomes":[60,200],"among":[61],"ProPara":[62],"participants.":[64,131],"Methods:":[65],"Data":[66],"on":[67],"outcomes,":[69],"including":[70,105],"composite":[71,156],"disability,":[72,157],"cerebral":[73],"palsy":[74],"(CP),":[75],"autism":[77,182],"spectrum":[78],"disorder,":[79],"were":[80,127,177,194,208],"obtained":[81],"from":[82],"unit":[83],"database.":[84],"Neurodevelopment":[85],"assessed":[87],"using":[88],"age-appropriate":[89],"standardised":[90],"tools":[91],"at":[92,135,148,167,205],"corrected":[93],"age":[94,102],"one,":[95],"two,":[96],"three":[98,185],"years":[99,151,169,207],"chronological":[101,152],"five":[103,150,168,206],"years,":[104],"Wechsler":[107],"Preschool":[108],"Primary":[110],"Scale":[111],"Intelligence\u2013Fourth":[113],"Edition":[114],"(WPPSI-IV).":[115],"Results:":[116],"Of":[117],"surviving":[119],"children":[120,133],"enrolled":[121],"trial,":[124],"follow-up":[125],"data":[126],"available":[128],"for":[129],"61":[130],"Fifty-nine":[132],"completed":[134],"least":[136],"one":[137],"formal":[138],"assessment":[140,147],"during":[141],"childhood,":[142],"30":[144],"underwent":[145],"school-age":[146],"approximately":[149],"age.":[153],"Rates":[154],"CP,":[158],"sensory":[159],"impairment":[160],"median":[162],"WPPSI-IV":[163],"full-scale":[164],"IQ":[165],"scores":[166,190],"(P:":[170],"102;":[171],"HP:":[172],"99;":[173],"p":[174],"=":[175],"0.599)":[176],"between":[179,196,211],"groups.":[180,197],"Severe":[181],"occurred":[183],"P":[186],"group":[187],"infants.":[188],"Developmental":[189],"across":[191],"all":[192],"domains":[193],"Conclusions:":[198],"Neurodevelopmental":[199],"through":[201],"childhood":[203],"broadly":[209],"VP":[212],"receiving":[214,220],"early-life":[215],"those":[219],"probiotics.":[222],"Given":[223],"small":[225],"sample":[226],"size":[227],"incomplete":[229],"follow-up,":[230],"larger":[231],"adequately":[232],"powered":[233],"controlled":[235],"trials":[236],"are":[237],"needed":[238],"confirm":[240],"safety.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-29T00:00:00"}
