{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224093422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11060155","title":"Antibiotic-Associated Encephalopathy in Geriatric Patients: A Neglected Challenge","display_name":"Antibiotic-Associated Encephalopathy in Geriatric Patients: A Neglected Challenge","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224093422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11060155"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/geriatrics11060155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11060155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11060155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168262","display_name":"Geriatrics","issn_l":"2308-3417","issn":["2308-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geriatrics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11060155","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103038451","display_name":"Marija Djukic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0106-1836","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0106-1836"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116730","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsmedizin G\u00f6ttingen","ror":"https://ror.org/021ft0n22","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116730"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154599","display_name":"Evangelisches Krankenhaus G\u00f6ttingen-Weende","ror":"https://ror.org/056y4sn81","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154599"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marija Djukic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geriatrics, Protestant Hospital G\u00f6ttingen-Weende, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany","Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geriatrics, Protestant Hospital G\u00f6ttingen-Weende, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154599"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116730"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085088249","display_name":"Jana Seele","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2452-965X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2452-965X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116730","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsmedizin G\u00f6ttingen","ror":"https://ror.org/021ft0n22","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116730"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136625","display_name":"European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/02vkssr45","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136625"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154599","display_name":"Evangelisches Krankenhaus G\u00f6ttingen-Weende","ror":"https://ror.org/056y4sn81","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154599"]}],"countries":["CH","DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jana Seele","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geriatrics, Protestant Hospital G\u00f6ttingen-Weende, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany","Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany","Study Group for Infections of the Brain (ESGIB), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 4051 Basel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geriatrics, Protestant Hospital G\u00f6ttingen-Weende, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154599"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116730"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Study Group for Infections of the Brain (ESGIB), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 4051 Basel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136625"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089536645","display_name":"Jacob Bodilsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7398-814X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7398-814X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799976261","display_name":"Aalborg University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02jk5qe80","country_code":"DK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799976261"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136625","display_name":"European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/02vkssr45","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136625"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","display_name":"Aalborg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04m5j1k67","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}],"countries":["CH","DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacob Bodilsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 9260 Gistrup, Denmark","Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, 9260 Gistrup, Denmark","Study Group for Infections of the Brain (ESGIB), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 4051 Basel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 9260 Gistrup, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, 9260 Gistrup, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799976261"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Study Group for Infections of the Brain (ESGIB), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 4051 Basel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136625"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051117448","display_name":"Roland Nau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8316-995X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8316-995X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116730","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsmedizin G\u00f6ttingen","ror":"https://ror.org/021ft0n22","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116730"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136625","display_name":"European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/02vkssr45","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136625"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154599","display_name":"Evangelisches Krankenhaus G\u00f6ttingen-Weende","ror":"https://ror.org/056y4sn81","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154599"]}],"countries":["CH","DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Roland Nau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geriatrics, Protestant Hospital G\u00f6ttingen-Weende, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany","Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany","Study Group for Infections of the Brain (ESGIB), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 4051 Basel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8316-995X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geriatrics, Protestant Hospital G\u00f6ttingen-Weende, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154599"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116730"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Study Group for Infections of the Brain (ESGIB), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 4051 Basel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136625"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051117448"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116730","https://openalex.org/I4210136625","https://openalex.org/I4210154599"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2172},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2172},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7924134,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"6","first_page":"155","last_page":"155"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11036","display_name":"Antibiotics Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy","score":0.4657999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11036","display_name":"Antibiotics Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy","score":0.4657999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10867","display_name":"Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders","score":0.20239999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2706","display_name":"Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11943","display_name":"Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions","score":0.19349999725818634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3005","display_name":"Toxicology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elderly-patients","display_name":"elderly patients","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delirium","display_name":"delirium","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hallucinations","display_name":"hallucinations","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/myoclonus","display_name":"myoclonus","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epileptic-seizures","display_name":"epileptic seizures","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertigo","display_name":"vertigo","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metronidazole","display_name":"metronidazole","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluoroquinolones","display_name":"fluoroquinolones","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macrolides","display_name":"macrolides","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cephalosporins","display_name":"cephalosporins","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbapenems","display_name":"carbapenems","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole","display_name":"trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isoniazid","display_name":"isoniazid","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renal-dysfunction","display_name":"renal dysfunction","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-reserve","display_name":"cognitive reserve","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adverse-drug-reactions","display_name":"adverse drug reactions","score":0.5370000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9397000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778621155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576349","display_name":"Encephalopathy","level":2,"score":0.7188000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776538686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116275","display_name":"Myoclonus","level":2,"score":0.6155999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780906641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213373","display_name":"Ataxia","level":2,"score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.5504000186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197934379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938","display_name":"Adverse effect","level":2,"score":0.5160999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.4607999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778186239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41571","display_name":"Epilepsy","level":2,"score":0.44369998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910982124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116275","display_name":"Myoclonic Jerk","level":3,"score":0.4327999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779583969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423757","display_name":"Escitalopram","level":4,"score":0.3799000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164953862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256440","display_name":"Psychomotor learning","level":3,"score":0.3571999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777396551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169569","display_name":"Metronidazole","level":3,"score":0.35339999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779753318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160796","display_name":"Delirium","level":2,"score":0.3424000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.33869999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776867660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814941","display_name":"Depression (economics)","level":2,"score":0.33250001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778062832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498902","display_name":"Drug withdrawal","level":3,"score":0.3296999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910452277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4736316","display_name":"Altered Mental Status","level":2,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500440147","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q701216","display_name":"Pharmacotherapy","level":2,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780668416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202758","display_name":"Hypoglycemia","level":3,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779231881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5977147","display_name":"Medical literature","level":2,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778261627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2608695","display_name":"Movement disorders","level":3,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780317758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3339235","display_name":"Neurological disorder","level":3,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3454156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144241","display_name":"Side effect (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984863031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030","display_name":"Cognitive decline","level":4,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778337148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410400","display_name":"Phenytoin","level":3,"score":0.25589999556541443}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/geriatrics11060155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11060155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11060155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168262","display_name":"Geriatrics","issn_l":"2308-3417","issn":["2308-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geriatrics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/geriatrics11060155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11060155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11060155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168262","display_name":"Geriatrics","issn_l":"2308-3417","issn":["2308-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geriatrics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1699287294","https://openalex.org/W1978854191","https://openalex.org/W1994216775","https://openalex.org/W2001698270","https://openalex.org/W2019872023","https://openalex.org/W2046425627","https://openalex.org/W2048206477","https://openalex.org/W2053905274","https://openalex.org/W2068657553","https://openalex.org/W2079953715","https://openalex.org/W2083516186","https://openalex.org/W2104056342","https://openalex.org/W2118452576","https://openalex.org/W2140603169","https://openalex.org/W2161010160","https://openalex.org/W2283304113","https://openalex.org/W2605567989","https://openalex.org/W2740977860","https://openalex.org/W2767837858","https://openalex.org/W2770585743","https://openalex.org/W2890058911","https://openalex.org/W2892028816","https://openalex.org/W2921181379","https://openalex.org/W2929478224","https://openalex.org/W2962340880","https://openalex.org/W2997390132","https://openalex.org/W3004103291","https://openalex.org/W3016296113","https://openalex.org/W3049167981","https://openalex.org/W3070104865","https://openalex.org/W3083924561","https://openalex.org/W3087701236","https://openalex.org/W4220815399","https://openalex.org/W4311900428","https://openalex.org/W4383262797","https://openalex.org/W4392598702","https://openalex.org/W4393929669","https://openalex.org/W4394854248","https://openalex.org/W4396918717","https://openalex.org/W4399597123","https://openalex.org/W4401550806","https://openalex.org/W4403319044","https://openalex.org/W4403405134","https://openalex.org/W4411456571","https://openalex.org/W4412156747","https://openalex.org/W4414709267","https://openalex.org/W4415400483","https://openalex.org/W4415986099","https://openalex.org/W4417427125","https://openalex.org/W7156230654","https://openalex.org/W7165036885"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2118452576","https://openalex.org/W2056667702","https://openalex.org/W2053014836","https://openalex.org/W2283304113","https://openalex.org/W4396707109","https://openalex.org/W2548968118","https://openalex.org/W2089436930","https://openalex.org/W2401842733","https://openalex.org/W1699287294","https://openalex.org/W2461509402"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"The":[1,217],"aging":[2],"brain":[3],"is":[4,93,230],"more":[5],"vulnerable":[6],"to":[7,88,148,174,221,241],"many":[8],"medical":[9,58],"drugs,":[10],"including":[11],"antibiotics.":[12,128],"In":[13],"geriatrics,":[14],"the":[15,20,26,46,53,61,73,89,119,151,177,208,222,244],"differentiation":[16],"between":[17],"symptoms":[18],"of":[19,25,56,75,82,84,123,127,207,211,219,224],"infection":[21,242],"and":[22,113,143,158,168,185,190,195,201,213,227,235],"adverse":[23],"effects":[24,78],"antibiotic":[27],"therapy":[28],"can":[29,131],"be":[30,132],"difficult.":[31],"Whereas":[32],"most":[33,49],"other":[34,164],"drugs":[35],"are":[36,45,118,243],"prescribed":[37],"as":[38,79,204],"lifelong":[39],"or":[40,163,237],"very":[41],"long":[42],"treatments,":[43],"antibiotics":[44,220],"drug":[47,91],"class":[48],"frequently":[50],"initiated":[51],"by":[52,182,193],"largest":[54],"number":[55],"different":[57,136],"specialties.":[59],"Since":[60],"geriatric":[62,86],"rule":[63],"\u201cstart":[64],"low,":[65],"go":[66],"slow\u201d":[67],"does":[68],"not":[69],"apply":[70],"for":[71,248],"antibiotics,":[72],"risk":[74],"immediate":[76],"side":[77],"a":[80,85,114,205],"consequence":[81,206],"exposure":[83],"patient":[87],"full":[90],"dose":[92,153,179],"relatively":[94],"high.":[95],"Method:":[96],"For":[97],"this":[98],"narrative":[99],"review":[100],"we":[101],"searched":[102],"PUBMED":[103],"using":[104],"defined":[105],"search":[106],"terms.":[107],"Results:":[108],"Age,":[109],"impaired":[110],"renal":[111],"function,":[112],"reduced":[115],"cognitive":[116],"reserve":[117],"strongest":[120],"individual":[121],"predictors":[122],"central":[124],"nervous":[125],"toxicity":[126],"Antibiotic-associated":[129],"encephalopathy":[130,250],"divided":[133],"into":[134],"three":[135],"forms,":[137],"which":[138],"partly":[139],"overlap:":[140],"(1)":[141],"hallucinations":[142],"delusions":[144],"starting":[145,171],"within":[146,172],"hours":[147,173],"days":[149,175],"after":[150,176],"first":[152,178],"(predominantly":[154],"associated":[155],"with":[156,161],"fluoroquinolones":[157],"macrolides,":[159],"rarely":[160],"sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim":[162],"antibiotics);":[165],"(2)":[166],"myoclonus":[167,226],"epileptic":[169,202,228],"seizures":[170,203,229],"(mainly":[180],"caused":[181,192],"cephalosporines,":[183],"penicillins,":[184],"carbapenems);":[186],"(3)":[187],"vertigo,":[188,198],"nystagmus":[189],"ataxia":[191],"metronidazole":[194],"optical":[196],"neuropathy,":[197],"mental":[199],"obtundation":[200],"functional":[209],"antagonism":[210],"isoniazid":[212],"vitamin":[214],"B6.":[215],"Conclusions:":[216],"contribution":[218],"development":[223],"delirium,":[225],"likely":[231],"underestimated.":[232],"Renal":[233],"failure":[234],"neurological":[236],"psychiatric":[238],"abnormalities":[239],"prior":[240],"main":[245],"predisposing":[246],"factors":[247],"antibiotic-associated":[249],"in":[251],"old":[252],"age.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-10-29T00:00:00"}