{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224091329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182110931","title":"Green Finance and Carbon Emission Intensity in South Africa\u2019s Metal Production Sector: Evidence from an ARDL Approach","display_name":"Green Finance and Carbon Emission Intensity in South Africa\u2019s Metal Production Sector: Evidence from an ARDL Approach","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224091329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182110931"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su182110931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182110931","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182110931","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182110931","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019075631","display_name":"Simon Muwando","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165390105","display_name":"University of South Africa","ror":"https://ror.org/048cwvf49","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165390105"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Simon Muwando","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics and Financial Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria 0003, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Financial Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria 0003, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165390105"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027927644","display_name":"Athenia Bongani Sibindi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0953-8424","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0953-8424"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165390105","display_name":"University of South Africa","ror":"https://ror.org/048cwvf49","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165390105"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Athenia Bongani Sibindi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics and Financial Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria 0003, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0953-8424","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Financial Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria 0003, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165390105"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019075631"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165390105"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86672536,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"21","first_page":"10931","last_page":"10931"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10438","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10438","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13146","display_name":"Sustainable Finance and Green Bonds","score":0.006200000178068876,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/green-finance","display_name":"green finance","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-intensity","display_name":"carbon intensity","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/south-africa","display_name":"South Africa","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/green-credit","display_name":"green credit","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-investment","display_name":"climate investment","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"economic growth","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change-mitigation","display_name":"climate change mitigation","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-intensive-industries","display_name":"energy-intensive industries","score":0.6869999766349792}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.6222000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.613099992275238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54725983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337914","display_name":"Emission intensity","level":3,"score":0.5813000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.5773000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.4984999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778556080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5603535","display_name":"Green growth","level":3,"score":0.4406999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.4293999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.4007999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114350782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12638","display_name":"Gross domestic product","level":2,"score":0.39340001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984393311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometric analysis","level":2,"score":0.3783999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121087249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546395","display_name":"Emerging markets","level":2,"score":0.36970001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778300220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114380","display_name":"Financial crisis","level":2,"score":0.3653999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115343472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Global warming","level":3,"score":0.33219999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509746633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898653","display_name":"Climate change mitigation","level":3,"score":0.31619998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97615858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341351","display_name":"Energy intensity","level":3,"score":0.3147999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3127000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780919918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1668341","display_name":"Climate Finance","level":3,"score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180075932","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5333342","display_name":"Econometric model","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100405246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8348417","display_name":"Emissions trading","level":3,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513535597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3267905","display_name":"Low-carbon economy","level":3,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21839126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q598188","display_name":"Green economy","level":3,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778976125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288401","display_name":"Carbon tax","level":3,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19244329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208697","display_name":"Financial market","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/su182110931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182110931","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182110931","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su182110931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182110931","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182110931","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"},{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.6452000141143799,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.5925999879837036,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5378999710083008,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1562678381","https://openalex.org/W1963697600","https://openalex.org/W1966910378","https://openalex.org/W1984536024","https://openalex.org/W2090841340","https://openalex.org/W2108491286","https://openalex.org/W2115768128","https://openalex.org/W2140964565","https://openalex.org/W2163744998","https://openalex.org/W2535036018","https://openalex.org/W3003179178","https://openalex.org/W3043331533","https://openalex.org/W3137937089","https://openalex.org/W3200970596","https://openalex.org/W4220915379","https://openalex.org/W4255973960","https://openalex.org/W4288702565","https://openalex.org/W4301430646","https://openalex.org/W4303045090","https://openalex.org/W4308009533","https://openalex.org/W4317399194","https://openalex.org/W4323663974","https://openalex.org/W4362557073","https://openalex.org/W4372335609","https://openalex.org/W4383346038","https://openalex.org/W4391107550","https://openalex.org/W4392860055","https://openalex.org/W4395477187","https://openalex.org/W4400456873","https://openalex.org/W4401695001","https://openalex.org/W4402206710","https://openalex.org/W4402761387","https://openalex.org/W4403824704","https://openalex.org/W4407223289","https://openalex.org/W4409344141","https://openalex.org/W4409657946","https://openalex.org/W4411370289","https://openalex.org/W4411452550","https://openalex.org/W4412635608","https://openalex.org/W4413276070","https://openalex.org/W4413629819","https://openalex.org/W4415225214","https://openalex.org/W7115571653","https://openalex.org/W7123390398","https://openalex.org/W7128923861","https://openalex.org/W7162637132","https://openalex.org/W7163572728","https://openalex.org/W7167571888","https://openalex.org/W7170087825","https://openalex.org/W7203554887"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4413860886","https://openalex.org/W7172444143","https://openalex.org/W7133857543","https://openalex.org/W7213901469","https://openalex.org/W4405849329","https://openalex.org/W7223221950","https://openalex.org/W4319455807","https://openalex.org/W7112976154","https://openalex.org/W4405125579","https://openalex.org/W7164889470"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,64],"study":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,19,26,68,103,149],"impact":[4],"of":[5,29,153],"green":[6,49,74,94],"finance":[7,75,95],"on":[8],"carbon":[9,77,98,120,131],"emission":[10,78,99,121,132],"intensity":[11,100],"in":[12,61,101,162],"South":[13,23],"Africa\u2019s":[14],"metal":[15,84,124],"production":[16,125],"sector,":[17],"utilizing":[18],"ARDL":[20],"econometric":[21],"model.":[22],"Africa":[24],"faces":[25],"complex":[27],"task":[28],"promoting":[30],"economic":[31,81],"expansion":[32],"without":[33],"compromising":[34],"long-term":[35,71],"environmental":[36,142],"sustainability,":[37],"given":[38],"its":[39],"fossil-fuel-dependent":[40],"energy":[41],"system":[42],"and":[43,53,70,76,83,105,144],"energy-intensive":[44],"industries.":[45],"Green":[46],"finance,":[47],"encompassing":[48],"credit,":[50],"climate":[51,159],"investment,":[52],"funding":[54],"for":[55,140],"eco-friendly":[56],"projects,":[57],"could":[58],"be":[59],"instrumental":[60],"mitigating":[62],"emissions.":[63],"research":[65],"analyzes":[66],"both":[67,102,109],"short-term":[69],"dynamics":[72],"between":[73],"intensity,":[79,122],"considering":[80],"growth":[82,115],"output":[85,126],"as":[86],"additional":[87],"explanatory":[88],"variables.":[89],"The":[90],"findings":[91,150],"indicate":[92],"that":[93],"consistently":[96],"reduces":[97],"long":[104],"short":[106],"term.":[107],"Over":[108],"horizons,":[110],"annual":[111],"gross":[112],"domestic":[113],"product":[114],"was":[116,127],"found":[117,128],"to":[118,129],"decrease":[119],"while":[123],"increase":[130],"intensity.":[133],"These":[134],"results":[135],"offer":[136],"valuable":[137],"policy":[138],"recommendations":[139],"achieving":[141],"objectives":[143],"long-term,":[145],"responsible":[146],"development.":[147],"Overall,":[148],"deepen":[151],"understanding":[152],"how":[154],"financial":[155],"systems":[156],"can":[157],"support":[158],"mitigation":[160],"efforts":[161],"emerging":[163],"markets.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-29T00:00:00"}