{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224090679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/tcrm.s639287","title":"Effects of Intensive Electroacupuncture on Nicotine Withdrawal and Withdrawal-Related Sleep Symptoms in Patients with Nicotine Dependence: A Three-Arm Randomized Controlled Trial","display_name":"Effects of Intensive Electroacupuncture on Nicotine Withdrawal and Withdrawal-Related Sleep Symptoms in Patients with Nicotine Dependence: A Three-Arm Randomized Controlled Trial","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224090679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/tcrm.s639287","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42974167","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13726633"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2147/tcrm.s639287","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/tcrm.s639287","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/tcrm.s639287","pdf_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/121521","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204453222","display_name":"Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management","issn_l":"1176-6336","issn":["1176-6336","1178-203X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320348","host_organization_name":"Dove Medical Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320348","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Dove Medical Press","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/121521","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121483192","display_name":"Zhen Lai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088329","display_name":"Jiading District Central Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/004j26v17","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088329"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135985","display_name":"Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03ns6aq57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135985"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Acupuncture, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Acupuncture, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088329","https://openalex.org/I4210135985"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159990836","display_name":"Weijia Gao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098460","display_name":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00z27jk27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101984","display_name":"Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/016yezh07","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101984"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weijia Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Acupuncture, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Acupuncture, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460","https://openalex.org/I4210101984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101337617","display_name":"Xujing Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9902-2780","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9902-2780"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xujing Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Acupuncture, Jiangqiao Community Health Service Center, Jiading District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9902-2780","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Acupuncture, Jiangqiao Community Health Service Center, Jiading District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138776186","display_name":"Shijie Cao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098460","display_name":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00z27jk27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133418","display_name":"Yueyang Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03yd12021","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133418"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shijie Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Acupuncture, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Acupuncture, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460","https://openalex.org/I4210133418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072508506","display_name":"Xinyu Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4994-6123","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4994-6123"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098460","display_name":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00z27jk27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133418","display_name":"Yueyang Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03yd12021","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133418"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Acupuncture, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Acupuncture, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460","https://openalex.org/I4210133418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160048612","display_name":"Natalie Ann Parry","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098460","display_name":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00z27jk27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101984","display_name":"Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/016yezh07","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101984"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natalie Ann Parry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Acupuncture, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Acupuncture, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460","https://openalex.org/I4210101984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121485991","display_name":"Yan Liang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098460","display_name":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00z27jk27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101984","display_name":"Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/016yezh07","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101984"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yan Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Acupuncture, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Acupuncture, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460","https://openalex.org/I4210101984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5121485991"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460","https://openalex.org/I4210101984"],"apc_list":{"value":2836,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2836},"apc_paid":{"value":2836,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2836},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88186717,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"Volume 22","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11327","display_name":"Acupuncture Treatment Research Studies","score":0.9688000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2707","display_name":"Complementary and alternative medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11327","display_name":"Acupuncture Treatment Research Studies","score":0.9688000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2707","display_name":"Complementary and alternative medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10060","display_name":"Smoking Behavior and Cessation","score":0.02630000002682209,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11785","display_name":"Nausea and vomiting management","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroacupuncture","display_name":"electroacupuncture","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nicotine-withdrawal","display_name":"nicotine withdrawal","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nicotine-dependence","display_name":"nicotine dependence","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoking-cessation","display_name":"smoking cessation","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/varenicline","display_name":"varenicline","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/craving","display_name":"craving","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exhaled-carbon-monoxide","display_name":"exhaled carbon monoxide","score":0.8270000219345093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9671000242233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776202274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11784952","display_name":"Electroacupuncture","level":4,"score":0.826200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.782800018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779547902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28086552","display_name":"Nicotine","level":2,"score":0.6342999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42219234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130","display_name":"Anesthesia","level":1,"score":0.6255000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775841894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4683692","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","level":2,"score":0.5565999746322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779177420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3961638","display_name":"Nicotine withdrawal","level":3,"score":0.49959999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.33180001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778996325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422201","display_name":"Actigraphy","level":3,"score":0.3192000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56837625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121713","display_name":"Acupuncture","level":3,"score":0.305400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778205975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754874","display_name":"Polysomnography","level":3,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781210498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1869874","display_name":"Insomnia","level":2,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1513209611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177190","display_name":"Sleep disorder","level":3,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776922375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498902","display_name":"Withdrawal syndrome","level":2,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778887763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4348342","display_name":"Nicotine gum","level":4,"score":0.25949999690055847}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2147/tcrm.s639287","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/tcrm.s639287","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/tcrm.s639287","pdf_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/121521","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204453222","display_name":"Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management","issn_l":"1176-6336","issn":["1176-6336","1178-203X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320348","host_organization_name":"Dove Medical Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320348","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Dove Medical Press","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13726633","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13726633/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13726633/pdf/TCRM-22-639287.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ther Clin Risk Manag","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42974167","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42974167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Therapeutics and clinical risk management","raw_type":"Case Reports"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:50008267264146aeb8da0ab1f1c36b10","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/50008267264146aeb8da0ab1f1c36b10","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, Vol Volume 22, Iss Issue 1, Pp 1-24 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dovepress.com/121521","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/effects-of-intensive-electroacupuncture-on-nicotine-withdrawal-and-wit-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-TCRM","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401012","display_name":"Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Clinical Trial Report"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2147/tcrm.s639287","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/tcrm.s639287","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/tcrm.s639287","pdf_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/121521","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204453222","display_name":"Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management","issn_l":"1176-6336","issn":["1176-6336","1178-203X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320348","host_organization_name":"Dove Medical Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320348","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Dove Medical Press","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Randomized Controlled Trial","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/randomized-controlled-trial"},{"display_name":"Clinical Trial","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224090679.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224090679.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1897436286","https://openalex.org/W2172805132","https://openalex.org/W2186235289","https://openalex.org/W2481029616","https://openalex.org/W2776257681","https://openalex.org/W2955525647","https://openalex.org/W3009110970","https://openalex.org/W3164984821","https://openalex.org/W3188041439","https://openalex.org/W3190385970","https://openalex.org/W3214778191","https://openalex.org/W4210906249","https://openalex.org/W4283072357","https://openalex.org/W4293243954","https://openalex.org/W4309938088","https://openalex.org/W4311858759","https://openalex.org/W4317567803","https://openalex.org/W4362521541","https://openalex.org/W4388961523","https://openalex.org/W4394915172","https://openalex.org/W4400746162","https://openalex.org/W4401741893","https://openalex.org/W4410313703","https://openalex.org/W4411393645","https://openalex.org/W4411988364","https://openalex.org/W7117495479"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W154852718","https://openalex.org/W2163068109","https://openalex.org/W2167164277","https://openalex.org/W2199568076","https://openalex.org/W7117954179","https://openalex.org/W2559947901","https://openalex.org/W4243047566","https://openalex.org/W2436509489","https://openalex.org/W1501655399","https://openalex.org/W1986268440"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Whether":[1],"intensive":[2,17,46,150,208],"electroacupuncture":[3],"(EA)":[4],"during":[5,63,71,225],"early":[6,226],"nicotine":[7],"withdrawal":[8,25,223],"improves":[9],"symptom":[10,136],"trajectories":[11],"remains":[12],"unclear.":[13],"Objective:":[14],"To":[15],"compare":[16],"EA":[18,21,55,151,171,213,220],"with":[19,131,154,190],"low-density":[20,48,170,212],"and":[22,27,67,81,83,127,138,169,184,204,211,244],"varenicline":[23,51,160],"for":[24,52,91,241],"symptoms":[26,109,224],"explore":[28],"withdrawal-related":[29,185],"sleep":[30,108,186,230],"symptoms.":[31,187],"Methods:":[32],"In":[33],"this":[34],"single-center,":[35],"three-arm,":[36],"open-label":[37],"randomized":[38],"trial,":[39],"114":[40],"participants":[41],"were":[42,75,110,201],"allocated":[43],"equally":[44],"to":[45,167,176],"EA,":[47,49,209],"or":[50,59],"4":[53],"weeks.":[54],"was":[56,95,152],"administered":[57],"daily":[58],"every":[60],"other":[61],"day":[62],"week":[64,148],"1,":[65,149],"respectively,":[66],"three":[68],"times":[69],"weekly":[70],"weeks":[72,79],"2-4.":[73],"Outcomes":[74],"assessed":[76,111],"at":[77,196],"baseline,":[78],"1-4,":[80],"1":[82],"3":[84,197],"months":[85,198],"after":[86,199],"treatment.":[87],"The":[88,188,234],"main":[89],"outcome":[90],"the":[92,96,207],"present":[93],"analysis":[94,124],"week-1":[97],"change":[98],"in":[99,182,206],"Minnesota":[100],"Nicotine":[101],"Withdrawal":[102],"Scale":[103],"(MNWS)":[104],"total":[105],"score.":[106],"Withdrawal-related":[107],"exploratorily":[112],"using":[113],"a":[114,239],"score":[115],"derived":[116],"from":[117],"two":[118],"MNWS":[119,157],"sleep-related":[120],"items.":[121],"Analyses":[122],"used":[123],"of":[125,134],"covariance":[126],"generalized":[128],"estimating":[129],"equations,":[130],"exploratory":[132],"analyses":[133,143,179],"time-averaged":[135],"burden":[137],"post-treatment":[139],"changes.":[140],"Results:":[141],"Per-protocol":[142],"included":[144],"110":[145],"participants.":[146],"At":[147],"associated":[153],"lower":[155],"adjusted":[156],"scores":[158],"than":[159],"(mean":[161],"difference,":[162],"-5.75;":[163],"95%":[164,173],"CI,":[165,174],"-6.95":[166],"-4.55)":[168],"(-5.88;":[172],"-7.08":[175],"-4.67).":[177],"Exploratory":[178,229],"suggested":[180],"improvements":[181],"craving":[183],"proportions":[189],"exhaled":[191],"carbon":[192],"monoxide":[193],"\u22644":[194],"ppm":[195],"treatment":[200],"29.7%,":[202],"18.9%,":[203],"13.9%":[205],"varenicline,":[210],"groups,":[214],"respectively":[215],"(overall":[216],"p=0.234).":[217],"Conclusion:":[218],"Intensive":[219],"may":[221],"alleviate":[222],"smoking":[227,242],"cessation.":[228],"findings":[231],"require":[232],"confirmation.":[233],"study":[235],"did":[236],"not":[237],"establish":[238],"benefit":[240],"abstinence,":[243],"longer":[245],"follow-up":[246],"is":[247],"needed.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-10-29T00:00:00"}
